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Calculation of the integrated energy performance of buildings EN 15316-4-4 : Heat generation systems in buildings, buil

slide 2. The EU CENSE project (Oct. 2007 - March 2010). Aim of the project:To accelerate adoption and improved effectiveness of the EPBD related CEN- standards in the EU Member States These standards were successively published in the years 2007-2008 and are being implemented or planned to be i

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Calculation of the integrated energy performance of buildings EN 15316-4-4 : Heat generation systems in buildings, buil

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    1. Calculation of the integrated energy performance of buildings EN 15316-4-4 : Heat generation systems in buildings, building integrated cogeneration systems Theo Thijssen TNO Built environment and geosciences, The Netherlands theo.thijssen@tno.nl PowerPoint presentation dealing with the standard on building integrated cogeneration systems, EN 15316-4-4. This standard is part of a series of standard for the calculation of the integrated energy performance of buildings.PowerPoint presentation dealing with the standard on building integrated cogeneration systems, EN 15316-4-4. This standard is part of a series of standard for the calculation of the integrated energy performance of buildings.

    2. slide 2 The EU CENSE project (Oct. 2007 - March 2010) Aim of the project: To accelerate adoption and improved effectiveness of the EPBD related CEN- standards in the EU Member States These standards were successively published in the years 2007-2008 and are being implemented or planned to be implemented in many EU Member States. However, the full implementation is not a trivial task Main project activities: To widely communicate role, status and content of these standards; to provide guidance on the implementation To collect comments and good practice examples from Member States aiming to remove obstacles To prepare recommendations to CEN for a “second generation” of standards on the integrated energy performance of buildings This presentation was constructed as part of the EU CENSE project, which aims at accelerating adoption and improve effectiveness of the EPBD related standards.This presentation was constructed as part of the EU CENSE project, which aims at accelerating adoption and improve effectiveness of the EPBD related standards.

    3. slide 3 Brief introduction A brief introduction to the CENSE project and the CEN-EPBD standards is provided in a separate presentation:

    4. slide 4 FITTING INTO THE PUZZLE Overview of the set of EPBD related CEN standards. There is a separation over function (Domestic hot water (=DHW), heating, cooling, etc.) and a separation over part system and calculation procedure. Starting with building needs, the needed emission per service can be determined, which results in needs for the distribution and generation system. Final result is overall energy performance. The EN 15316-4-4 is categorized under ‘heating’ and ‘generation’.Overview of the set of EPBD related CEN standards. There is a separation over function (Domestic hot water (=DHW), heating, cooling, etc.) and a separation over part system and calculation procedure. Starting with building needs, the needed emission per service can be determined, which results in needs for the distribution and generation system. Final result is overall energy performance. The EN 15316-4-4 is categorized under ‘heating’ and ‘generation’.

    5. slide 5 Combined heat and power Picture: Flow diagram of conventional generation versus cogeneration. From 100 units primary energy, the cogeneration unit makes 35 units electricity and 50 units heat, 15 units are losses in the system. When the same amount of energy is to be produced with conventional techniques, 58 units of primary energy are needed for the boiler. Another 106 units are necessary to produce 35 units of electricity, taking into account grid losses etc. So for the same amount of electricity and heat, the conventional generation needs 165 units of primary energy while the cogeneration unit needs only 100 units of primary energy. The picture assumes an electric efficiency of the cogeneration unit of 35%. This will be smaller for current commercially available micro-CHP, in the order of 10-20%. Text: - CHP is the combined production of heat and electrical power in one generator. - The combined production can result in high yields, reducing primary energy consumption significantly. - Micro-CHP is defined as all cogeneration installations with an electric capacity < 50 kW, according to the European Cogeneration Directive (http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/energy/energy_efficiency/l27021_en.htm). However, the definitions may vary between countries. Some countries make a distinction between micro- and mini-CHP, where the first comprises of units up to 1 to 5 kW electric (mostly application in houses), and the latter the units from this point up to 50 kW electric (to be applied in larger domestic buildings and commercial and industrial buildings. - The standard treats building integrated units, which are heat-led, which means heating is the primary function and no heat is dumped. Electricity is a bonus and not a goal in itself. Picture: Flow diagram of conventional generation versus cogeneration. From 100 units primary energy, the cogeneration unit makes 35 units electricity and 50 units heat, 15 units are losses in the system. When the same amount of energy is to be produced with conventional techniques, 58 units of primary energy are needed for the boiler. Another 106 units are necessary to produce 35 units of electricity, taking into account grid losses etc. So for the same amount of electricity and heat, the conventional generation needs 165 units of primary energy while the cogeneration unit needs only 100 units of primary energy. The picture assumes an electric efficiency of the cogeneration unit of 35%. This will be smaller for current commercially available micro-CHP, in the order of 10-20%. Text: - CHP is the combined production of heat and electrical power in one generator. - The combined production can result in high yields, reducing primary energy consumption significantly. - Micro-CHP is defined as all cogeneration installations with an electric capacity < 50 kW, according to the European Cogeneration Directive (http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/energy/energy_efficiency/l27021_en.htm). However, the definitions may vary between countries. Some countries make a distinction between micro- and mini-CHP, where the first comprises of units up to 1 to 5 kW electric (mostly application in houses), and the latter the units from this point up to 50 kW electric (to be applied in larger domestic buildings and commercial and industrial buildings. - The standard treats building integrated units, which are heat-led, which means heating is the primary function and no heat is dumped. Electricity is a bonus and not a goal in itself.

    6. slide 6 Presentation EN 15316 – 4.4 Outline of the presentation. Picture: Diagram of combined heat and power unit. Outline of the presentation. Picture: Diagram of combined heat and power unit.

    7. slide 7 Scope of the standard

    8. slide 8 Principle of the method Two operation modes can be distinguished: The cogeneration unit is sized to run at full load most of the time. The heat output of the CHP unit supplies the base load of the installation. The unit will be operating at full load most of the time, resulting in a relative high efficiency Only a portion of the total heat demand will be supplied by the cogeneration unit, the rest has to be supplied by another generator. The cogeneration unit is acting as a boiler substitute and supplies the whole heating demand of the building. Because the generator will run at part load most of the time, the efficiency will be somewhat lower than a boiler in base load operation The unit will provide (nearly) all heat demand, thus it is used to its full potential. The operation mode and the heating demand of the building(s) determine the total heat to be supplied by the CHP unit. This excludes any dumped heat. Two operation modes can be distinguished: The cogeneration unit is sized to run at full load most of the time. The heat output of the CHP unit supplies the base load of the installation. The unit will be operating at full load most of the time, resulting in a relative high efficiency Only a portion of the total heat demand will be supplied by the cogeneration unit, the rest has to be supplied by another generator. The cogeneration unit is acting as a boiler substitute and supplies the whole heating demand of the building. Because the generator will run at part load most of the time, the efficiency will be somewhat lower than a boiler in base load operation The unit will provide (nearly) all heat demand, thus it is used to its full potential. The operation mode and the heating demand of the building(s) determine the total heat to be supplied by the CHP unit. This excludes any dumped heat.

    9. slide 9 Principle of the method 1st: List of possible heating needs to be supplied by the combined heat and power system, grouped as space heating and domestic hot water needs. The needs have a great influence on system performance and total heat and electricity produced. 2nd: The factors to be taken into account are the ones that have a big influence on performance of combined heat and power units. 1st: List of possible heating needs to be supplied by the combined heat and power system, grouped as space heating and domestic hot water needs. The needs have a great influence on system performance and total heat and electricity produced. 2nd: The factors to be taken into account are the ones that have a big influence on performance of combined heat and power units.

    10. slide 10 Description of the method The ‘annual load profile method’ can in principle also be used for CHP units providing only base load, but the ‘fractional contribution method’ is easier and had sufficient accuracy for this case.The ‘annual load profile method’ can in principle also be used for CHP units providing only base load, but the ‘fractional contribution method’ is easier and had sufficient accuracy for this case.

    11. slide 11 Description of the method fractional contribution method The different steps are treated in EN 15316-4-4, paragraphs 5.6.1 to 5.6.4.The different steps are treated in EN 15316-4-4, paragraphs 5.6.1 to 5.6.4.

    12. slide 12 Description of the method annual load profile method The calculation method comprises the following steps (with reference to the paragraph of EN 15316-4-4 in which specific topics are treated): - Determining the energy performance for full range of load conditions for the cogeneration unit (paragraph 5.7.2); - Determining the annual load profile taking into account regional climate data (such as degree-days), design heat load, plant size ratio and control strategies (paragraph 5.7.3). - Annual heat output of the cogeneration installation (paragraph 5.7.4); - Annual fuel input for the cogeneration installation (paragraph 5.7.5); - Electricity output of the cogeneration installation (paragraph 5.7.6); - Annual average thermal efficiency of the cogeneration installation (paragraph 5.7.7); - Annual system thermal loss of the cogeneration installation (paragraph 5.7.8). All system losses are related to the thermal output; the electricity is counted as a bonus (power bonus method).The calculation method comprises the following steps (with reference to the paragraph of EN 15316-4-4 in which specific topics are treated): - Determining the energy performance for full range of load conditions for the cogeneration unit (paragraph 5.7.2); - Determining the annual load profile taking into account regional climate data (such as degree-days), design heat load, plant size ratio and control strategies (paragraph 5.7.3). - Annual heat output of the cogeneration installation (paragraph 5.7.4); - Annual fuel input for the cogeneration installation (paragraph 5.7.5); - Electricity output of the cogeneration installation (paragraph 5.7.6); - Annual average thermal efficiency of the cogeneration installation (paragraph 5.7.7); - Annual system thermal loss of the cogeneration installation (paragraph 5.7.8). All system losses are related to the thermal output; the electricity is counted as a bonus (power bonus method).

    13. slide 13 Description of the method annual load profile method Picture 1: Example of heat and electrical efficiency of CHP unit. The picture show that in general the electrical output will drop significantly under part load conditions. The thermal efficiency is more constant down to 20%, but than drops very abruptly. Picture 2: Example of a bin distribution. The graph represents days per year the installation would be running at a certain part load, which is directly related to days per year per heat load of the building.Picture 1: Example of heat and electrical efficiency of CHP unit. The picture show that in general the electrical output will drop significantly under part load conditions. The thermal efficiency is more constant down to 20%, but than drops very abruptly. Picture 2: Example of a bin distribution. The graph represents days per year the installation would be running at a certain part load, which is directly related to days per year per heat load of the building.

    14. slide 14 More information More information and downloads: www.iee-cense.eu

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