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Endocrine System

Learn about the endocrine system, its glands, hormones, and their functions in regulating metabolism, growth, and more. Explore disorders caused by hypersecretion and hyposecretion. Discover how homeostasis is maintained through negative feedback.

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Endocrine System

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  1. Endocrine System

  2. Glands • Organs which secrete substances • Made of epithelial cells • 2 types • Exocrine glands: secrete materials into ducts • Endocrine glands (ductless): secrete materials called hormones into bloodstream

  3. Hormones • Released in bloodstream • Usually in low concentrations • Each type of hormone recognizes only a certain type of tissue to regulate • Target Tissue: hormone increases or decreases activity

  4. Hormones • Regulate • Metabolism • Homeostasis • Growth • Reproduction • The process that controls the level of hormones in the blood is called negative feedback

  5. Organisms must maintain homeostasis to survive in diverse environments. • Homeostasis is the maintenance of constant internal conditions.

  6. Homeostasis is the maintenance of constant internal conditions. • Homeostasis is usually maintained through negative feedback. • Negative feedback systems return a condition to its normal (set) point.

  7. Human Endocrine System • Hypersecretion: excess • Hyposecretion: not enough • Can cause a disorder

  8. Glands • Pituitary (master gland) • Controlled by hypothalamus • Location= base of brain • Secretes • Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) • ACTH • Thyroid simulating hormone (TSH) • Growth Hormone (GH)

  9. FSH • Stimulates development of eggs in ovaries

  10. ACTH • Adrenocorticotropic hormone • Stimulates adrenal gland

  11. TSH • Stimulates production of thyroxin in thyroid gland • Controls metabolic processes

  12. GH • Affects growth of bones and metabolism of glucose • Disorders • Hypersecretion: giantism (enlarged bones) • Hyposecretion: dwarfism (reduced bones) 7 feet 8 inches (2.36 meters) 29.2 inches (73 centimeters)

  13. Thyroid Lack of iodine enlarges thyroid (goiter) • Location= neck • Secretes thyroxin • Regulates rate of metabolism • Needed for mental and physical development Hypersecretion: nervousness, weight loss Hyposecretion: cretinism (mental retardation), small size

  14. Parathyroid • Location: Embedded in back of thyroid • Secretes parathormone • Controls metabolism of calcium • Nerve and muscle functions Hyposecretion: brittle bones, clotting probelms

  15. Adrenal Gland • location: top of kidneys • Has outer cortex and inner medulla • Secretes • Adrenaline (epinephrine) which raises blood sugar levels, increases heartbeat, increases breathing rate • “Fight or flight” hormone • Hyposecretion: inability to deal with stress

  16. Adrenal Gland • Secretes • Norepinephrine • Same effects as adrenaline

  17. Islets of Langerhans • Location: pancreas • Secretion • Insulin: lets glucose enter cells and liver to be stored as glycogen (lowers blood glucose level in blood) • Hypersecretion: low blood sugar • Hyposecretion: diabetes (sugar in blood and urine)

  18. Islets of Langerhans • Secrete • Glucagon: enables conversion from glycogen to glucose (increases blood sugar) • Hypersecretion: high blood sugar

  19. Gonads (sex glands) • Male= testes • Produce testosterone • Responsible for development of secondary sex characteristics (deep voice, facial hair) • Female= ovaries • Produce estrogen • Responsible for secondary sex characteristics (broad hips, breast development) • Hyposecretion: reduction of secondary sex characteristics

  20. Nervous vs. Endocrine • Both forms of cellular communication

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