CHAPTER 1 - Basics

1. CHAPTER 1 - Basics Prehistoric – before writing Historian – study the history of the past Artifacts – objects made by humans Anthropology – study of the origin and behavior of early societies/culture Culture – group/society way of doing things Mary and Louis Leakey Archaeology – study of past people through their remains

2. CHAPTER 1 - Basics Timeline of History goes backwards until “0” then goes forwards 10,000 BC 500 BC 0 500 AD 1200 AD 2011 AD BC “Before Christ” BCE “Before Common Era” – politically correct AD “Anno Domino” – in the year of our Lord CE “Common Era” – politically correct

3. EARLY PEOPLE Hominids – any group that walked upright on 2 feet ”Lucy” Homo Habilis– “Handy Man” – 1st to make tools Homo Erectus – “Upright Man” – skeletons show they walked fully upright 1st’s – fire, ax, Homo Sapiens – “Modern/Wise Man”

4. PALEOLITHIC AGE • Lasted from the beginnings of human life until about 10,000 BCE • nomads (wanderers) - live in groups of 20 -30 • Hunters and gatherers • men hunted game animals and women gathered fruits, berries, and other edibles • developed simple tools such as, spears and axes made from bone, wood, and stone

5. NEOLITHIC AGE • around 10,000 BCE, people began to cultivate crops and domesticate animals.  This is known as the NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION • Neolithic Revolution led to growth of CIVILIZATIONS

6. TRAITS OF CIVILIZATIONS ***AGRICLUTURE*** 1)RISE OF TOWNS/CITIES >increase in population >stay in 1 place >centers of trade 2)SPECIALIZED LABOR >in time, there was a “surplus of crops” >fewer people needed to farm >other people could meet demands that were needed in a developing society >artisans (traders, potters, weavers, metal workers, weapons, brick makers, brick layers) >development of cultural diffusion >people began to depend on others to meet needs >led to development of social classes -”patriarchal” society

7. Social Classes Over time, a wealthy class of aristocrats gained control of the land and collected rent from poor farmers. Gradually society became divided between the “haves” and the “have nots.”

8. TRAITS OF CIVILIZATIONS 3)ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY – irrigation, boat, plow made life easier, more efficient

9. TRAITS OF CIVILIZATIONS 4)COMPLEX INSTITUTIONS – government, economy, and religion ORGANIZATION animism developed rituals =burial

10. TRAITS OF CIVILIZATIONS 5)WRITING / CALENDAR • RECORDS • ORGANIZATION • LAWS **PREHISTORIC TIMES ENDED** Scribes pictographs symbols of objects Cuneiform - Sumer

11. NEGATIVES OF NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION SLAVERY >>Before people were considered equals, but when people settled into one area, they became possessions just like land or material goodsPOSSESSIONS >>Helped each other less. Became more concerned about their own land >>Increased tensions - Lead to warsLAND EROSION >>Erosion of farmland. Used Slash-and-burn >>Soil lost its nutrients - started search for natural resources

12. NEGATIVES OF NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION DISEASE >>Diseases spread easily. WHY???? >>Life expectancies were shorter. QUALITY OF LIFE >>Stress increased – Farming took many people and many hours. >>Became dependent on 1-2 grains – loss of diet due to less protein and vitamins. >>Drought and famine.

13. SIGMUND FREUD “The first human being who hurled an insult instead of a rock was the true founder of civilization.” “Civilization is a triumph of mind over matter, of reason over instinct and of the distinctly human nature over mankind’s animal nature.”