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China's Path to Modernization: Challenges and Transformations

Explore the historical journey of China's modernization, from dealing with foreign encroachment in the Qing dynasty to the establishment of the People's Republic of China and ongoing political and social issues. Discover the struggles, reforms, and conflicting ideologies that have shaped China's development.

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China's Path to Modernization: Challenges and Transformations

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  1. Adam Brand, In the Presence of the Qing Emperor in Beijing, 1706

  2. By the seventeenth century, European traders trying to increase contact with East Asia and China Can Chinese leaders find a way to deal with foreigners outside tributary system? Problems of foreign encroachment…

  3. First Opium War, 1839-1942 Treaty of Nanjing leads to unequal treaties and compromises Qing sovereignty

  4. China in the age of imperialism

  5. Taiping Rebellion (1850-1865)

  6. Goal of a wealthy nation, strong military Chinese officials trying to find a way to modernize within tradition – preserve Confucianism, but adopt technology How would China modernize?

  7. Chinese POWs in Japanese captivity after the war Late-Qing cartoon: temperatures rising, constitutionalism gaining

  8. Fall of the Qing & Republic (1912-1949) • Sun Yat-sen emerges as national leader • Drive to repair China’s international stature, reclaim lost territory • Nationalism • Socialism • Democracy—after a period of military tutelage

  9. Chiang Kai-shek & Mao Zedong: both favor state-led development Skeptical of democracy Significant western & Soviet support Different views of top-down or bottom-up development Which revolutionary path to follow?

  10. Warlord Period (1916-1928): semi-independent territorial leaders Chiang Kai-shek leads Nationalist Party to military victory, reunifies country Focuses on state-led modernization; attacks Communists Nationalist Government (1928-1949)

  11. Rise of print media, film, music leads to tremendous cultural change Changing values place the individual at heart of political and social activity Rights of women & impoverished become focus of national concern Rapid economic, social, cultural modernity Pages of Ling Long magazine, early 1930’s

  12. War with Japan, 1937-1945 Japanese troops enter Shenyang, Manchuria, 1931 Battle of Shanghai and Rape of Nanking, 1937-1938

  13. The establishment of the PRC and Maoism (1949-1978) Development based on government control of economic growth; high resource control, low taxation

  14. Light industry gains renewed focus Private control over agriculture and service-industry sectors Low taxation leads to low social services and loss of government control Post-Mao: Deng Xiaoping reforms

  15. Ongoing political and social issues • As China modernizes, how will longstanding problems be resolved • Change and growth versus stability • Domestic integrity versus foreign contact & relations with East Asian / Pacific neighbors • The problem of “virtuous rule” – does the PRC government still have legitimacy?

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