Deviance Chapter 7

1. DevianceChapter 7 By Dr. John Brenner

2. China This chapter focuses on the changing definition of deviance Keep in mind that almost any type of behavior can be called deviant Definitions of deviance change across time and place

3. China Cultural Revolution from 1966-1976 During this period people were punished for having positions of authority, leaning towards foreigners, academic interests and working to earn a profit Suspected people were scientists, teachers, athletes, performers, artists, writers and private business people

4. China During the Cultural Revolution profit was condemned now it is acceptable 220,000 foreign-investment enterprises in China�only 70,000 in 1993 Beijing has luxury hotels and China is seen as the potential for the world�s largest market People are �jumping into the sea� (being capitalistic)

5. China China will be the site of the 2008 Summer Olympics Since 1976 about 700,000 students from China have studied in foreign universities Chinese factories provide about half of the world�s DVD players, 1/3 of the personal computers and 25% of cell phones, televisions and car stereos

6. Deviance Any behavior or physical appearance that is socially challenged or condemned Conformity--behavior and appearances that follow and maintain standards of the group Social control--methods used to teach, persuade, or force members to comply

7. Deviance Almost any behavior or appearance can qualify as deviant under the right circumstances Wearing makeup is no longer deviant in China Cocaine was once legal in the US Consider who makes something deviant, some behaviors are deviant depending on personal characteristics

8. Chinese History and Context 1949--Mao Zedong declares the Peoples Republic of China 1959-Great Leap Forward Attempt to catch up with the world Overworked the peasants and was a failure in making more steel for China�building dams Some Communist Party leaders were displeased with him�failed�30-50 million die

9. Chinese History and Context Cultural Revolution Mao�s attempt to reassert his power in China He wanted everyone to be equal and he condemned many simple acts Unleashed the youth through the Red Guards who terrorized people This caused a 10 year lag in Chinese development

10. Chinese History and Context Mao wanted to get rid of the four olds�ideas, culture, customs and habits Red Guards degraded teachers and caused physical abuse to people The Cultural Revolution reduced people in China to not even dare to think in case their thoughts came out involuntarily

11. Chinese History and Context The Cultural Revolution ended in 1976 after Mao�s death The �Ten Lost Years� effected the entire society of China To make up for the 10 lost years China sent students abroad and created Special Economic Zones which were capitalistic Deng Xiaoping was the leader after Mao who sought to modernize China

12. Role of Context in Deviance During Cultural Revolution the society was out of control A state of panic existed among the people that they were afraid to even think Chinese people were humiliated because of being humiliated in front of others Now over 700,000 Chinese are international students China has a trade surplus with U.S. ($162 billion in 2004

13. Terms Folkways--customary ways of doing things Mores--norms that define what is right or wrong--harder to break US--individual property, personal freedom, and privacy China--conformity, collectivism, and obedience to authority (need to have approval to get married, have a baby, or get housing from the Communist Party)

14. Preschoolers Note the Chinese bathroom scene for children Chinese children are disciplined before they misbehave; American afterwards They are highly structured and socially minded--must suppress individual feelings We seem too carefree: they seem too structured Americans are disturbed by the bathroom scene and Chinese do not understand our system Ideally conformity should be voluntary

15. Mechanisms of Social Control Sanctions--reactions of approval or disapproval Positive sanction--approval or reward Negative sanction--disapproval Informal sanction--spontaneous or unofficial Formal sanctions--rules, policies or laws with punishments

16. Functionalist Perspective Durkheim stated that deviance is normal Even in a society of saints there will be deviance Crime is normal as long it is not excessive Deviance is functional 1. ritual of defining and punishing someone binds the group 2. it makes people ready for change and the future

17. Labeling Theory Becker states that rules are socially constructed and they are not enforced consistently People must decide what is deviant Some people escape detection and some are treated as deviants when they are not An act is deviant whether it is noticed by people

18. Labeling Theory Four categories of people Conformists--people who do not break the rules Most people in a society Pure deviants--broken the rules and are labeled (assume a master status--identified as a deviant) Which cars to stop by police/ teenagers? Secret deviants--people who have broken the rules but are unnoticed Of the 28.2 million crimes in 2001�62.4% of the victims did not report the crime

19. Falsely Accused Falsely accused-not broken the rules but are treated as if they are (Kai Erikson�s study) When the well being of the country or group is threatened The need to blame someone for the problem Witch-hunt--looking for the cause of a problem Cultural Revolution�capitalists/makeup/eye glasses WWII-Japanese Americans were internment Muslims in U.S. after 9/11/01

20. White Collar Crime Crimes committed by persons of respectability and high social status Corporate Crime--committed by a corporation as it competes with other companies for a share of the market Offenders are a part of the system USX steel company discharged waste illegally and has to pay for the clean up Crimes are carried out by everyone in the corporation

21. Obedience to Authority Stanley Milgram�s study of how people in authority get people to do things Volunteers participated while one person was a confederate (worked with the researcher) The learner was the confederate who was strapped to a chair The teacher was told to shock the learner for incorrect answers

22. Obedience to Authority The learner who was shocked pleaded for mercy but the teacher would continue to shock them if the authority figure told them to do it Obedience was simply followed because of a firm command of a person of status

23. Constructionist Approach Focuses on the process in which certain groups, activities, conditions, or artifacts are defined as problems It is done by claims makers Soldiers at Tiananmen Square were not allowed to watch TV or read newspapers about the students AIDS seen as a moral problem keeps people from assisting them�sexually promiscuous people AIDS seen as innocent victims like hemophiliacs

24. Constructionist Approach Claims Makers In China at Tiananmen Square�government controlled information the troops received and replacement soldiers could not speak dialect of students This theory focuses on who makes the claims, whose claims are heard and how audiences respond

25. Structural Strain Theory Merton�s theory that valued goods have unclear limits, people are unsure about getting them and legitimate opportunities remain closed to some people It exists in the US because too few legitimate opportunities are available to achieve the desired goal

26. Structural Strain Theory People can respond to strain by Conformity--accept goals and means Innovation--accept goals but reject the legitimate means to attain it--criminal Ritualism--reject goal but accept means--bureaucrat �Don�t aim high and you won�t be disappointed� Retreatism--reject goals and means--hobos

27. Structural Strain Theory In China each couple can have only one child but there is a cultural preference for boys who will care for the parents when old Obtain permission to have a baby, accept the sex of it, report the birth and practice birth control Major source of strain is the limited opportunities to have children

28. Differential Association Sutherland and Cressey--deviance and deviant behavior is learned Deviant subcultures--learn the deviance techniques here--�bad� education and associations make a criminal association Chinese use �reeducation� and labor for the deviant as a formal sanction

29. Differential Association Williams says that in New York City some youth are recruited as drug suppliers Little chance of getting high paying jobs Perceive drug dealing as a way to make money Chinese government needs students prepared for the global environment Associate with people and ideas that may challenge Communism Respond by making them study Marx and keeping tight campus security

30. Systems of Social Control Chinese rigid system of social control is due to the size of the population of the country (1.27 Billion people) China�s habitable land is about half of that of the United States Chinese must �make work� for all the people United States�a nation of immigrants, abundant resources, people can live where they want and can manage their own lives

31. Systems of Social Control China has the longest continuing civilization with 3,700 years of history A Confucian system of ethics with respect for tradition and order System of family responsibility An imperial tradition with rulers having supreme authority over the people

32. Systems of Social Control China has experience war and revolution in the 20th century The U.S. has not a civil for 150 years Chinese have a political philosophy of Communism and the U.S. has capitalism These make for many differences in each society