Organic Chemistry & Biochemistry

1. Organic Chemistry &Biochemistry Per. 2: Iris Chin Jamie Lee Kristine Madrid Cherie Tran

2. Introduction What is… • Organic chemistry is the study of carbon-containing compounds and their properties. • Biochemistry is the study of living systems: how life is maintained.

3. Polymers • Standard 10a: Students know large molecules (polymers), such as proteins, nucleic acids, and starch, are formed by repetitive combinations of simple subunits

4. Proteins • Proteins are natural polymers which make up approximately 15% of our body • Fibrous proteins structures living tissue and hair • Globular proteins distribute and store nutrients and oxygen, act as catalysts, regulates the bodily systems, and makes life possible

5. Nucleic Acids • Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a polymer that keeps and transfers genetic material • Ribonucleic acids (RNA) is key to protein synthesis and helps DNA transfer information that carries out life functions

6. Carbon Bonding • Standard 10b: Students know the bonding characteristics of carbon that results in the formation of a large variety of structures ranging from simple hydrocarbons to complex polymers and biological molecules. • Carbon forms strong bonds to itself and other elements. It can form bonds with up to a maximum of four other atoms.

7. Hydrocarbons • Hydrocarbons are compounds of carbon and hydrogen • Saturated hydrocarbons are those whose carbon-carbon bonds are single bonds • Unsaturated hydrocarbons, or alkanes, are those whose carbon-carbon bonds are multiple bonds

8. Hydrocarbons (cont.) • Standard 10d: Students know the system for naming the ten simplest linear hydrocarbons and isomers that contain single bonds, simple hydrocarbons with double and triple bonds, and simple molecules that contain a benzene ring. • Alkanes that have carbon atoms forming long chains are categorized into normal, straight -chain, or unbranched hydrocarbons • The first ten straight-chain alkanes can be represented by the general formula CnH2n+2. For example, the simplest alkane, methane is C1H2(2)+2 or CH4

9. Hydrocarbons (cont.) This pattern for linear hydrocarbons continues on with n-pentane, n-hexane, n-heptane, n-octane, n-nonane, n-decane. Notice that the condensed formula always complies with CnH2n+2

10. Hydrocarbons (cont.) • Many hydrocarbons form rings- thus the name “hydrocarbon rings” • The simplest type of ring is the benzene ring (shown to the left)

11. -Amino Acids • 10c. Students know the amino acids are the building blocks of proteins • They are always composed of the amino group (NH2), the -carbon (the center C), and the carboxyl group (COOH) • The R in the above structure represents substitutes (i. e. H, CH3) • Polypeptides are chains of amino acids which makes up proteins (standard 10f)

12. Functional Groups • 10f. An atom or group of atoms in hydrocarbon derivatives that contains elements in addition to carbon and hydrogen. • Alcohols: An organic compound in which the hydroxyl group is a substituent on a hydrocarbon.

13. Aldehydes and Ketones • Contain the carbonyl group • Ketones: bonded to two carbon atoms • Carbonyl group never at the end of the hydrocarbon chain • Aldehydes: carbonyl group always appears at the end of the hydrocarbon chain • Always at least on hydrogen bonded to the carbonyl carbon atom

14. Carboxylic Acids and Esters • Carbox ylic Acids: characterized by the presence of the carboxyl group COOH • Ester: