罗纳德（左）捐肾 ( renal ) 给哥哥理查德，一不留神名留青史。

1. 罗纳德（左）捐肾(renal)给哥哥理查德，一不留神名留青史。罗纳德（左）捐肾(renal)给哥哥理查德，一不留神名留青史。

2. 电影《变脸》里的变脸情节可能会变为现实。

3. Organ transplant is one of the great successes of modern medicine. • But its scope is greatly limited by the availability of donor organs and the high risk of immunological rejection.

4. the breakthrough in four domains • without take the medicine which inhabit immunity. • the renal transplants without the uniform blood pattern. • stem cells replace organ transplant • animal organs instead of the person’s

5. Presently,the largest difference between the surgery of organ transplant and the general operation is：organ transplant needs depend on the donated organ；patientswill rely on the inhabiting immunity medication which will bring on many side effects to resist the rejection。

6. researchers hope that a method could help the patients to abate the dependence to the medication,because the medication is harmful for immunity。

7. European specialists are working on the natal mouse,because it’s in a position to take on the other antibody. • American specialists are devoting themselves to ‘gomphosis phenomenon’(After the antigen from donator is implanted in the invalid lymph gland （淋巴腺）,lymph could accept it)。 • However,when patient is repellent to the implanted organ,how can we save them effectively??。 without take the medicine which inhabit the immunity

8. As yet,the patient only take on the organ from the same blood type,the organ from different blood type is called ‘heterogeneous’,which will be repellent to patient’s antibody . • In the future，because of a medicinal project ,which contain the drug treatment（药物治疗）,culling spleen（脾脏摘除）and expunging plasma（血浆除去法）, the patient will have a chance to accept the donator’s kidney from different blood type. • The renal transplant without the uniform blood type

9. Stem cells are defined as undifferentiated cells that are capable of both (1) self-renewal, that is, production of cells like themselves, and (2) differentiation into two or more mature cell types.

10. To the millions of patient who await donative organ,stem cell will maybe the key to the problem.

11. 人体干细胞分两种类型: 一种是全功能干细胞，it can copy human directly, such as embryonic stem (ES) cells ； 另一种是多功能干细胞，it can renovate tissues and copy all kinds of organ, such as neural stem cells 。

12. Stem cells replace the organ transplant

13. Because the donative organ is very limit,scientists try to replace the human organ with animal organ(跨种移植). • In the past 50 years, the experiments between the human and the animal have been proceeding all the time. In 1963,a patient lived 9 months depending on a chimpanzee’s kidney. In 1984,an infant lived only 20 days depending on a chimpanzee’s kidney.

14. We must prevent the body’s ability to identify and repell the animal organ, “跨种移植”will maybe succeed!

15. butgerm will invade people through the transplanted organ . • Although pig’s organ and human organ are able to get along very well,there is the high risk of germ invading people through the pig’s organ. • Furthermore,as the clone technique,animal organ replacing human organ is argued by the society. animal organs instead of person’s

16. thank you