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by Dr. Mamdooh Abdelhameed

Comparative Criminal Law & Justice Penal Low of the Arab World. Criminal Procedure Low of the Arab World. by Dr. Mamdooh Abdelhameed. Table of Contents.  Part One : Introductory Provisions.  Part Two :. Provisions Governing the Application of the Law:. Regard to Time.

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by Dr. Mamdooh Abdelhameed

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  1. Comparative Criminal Law & Justice • Penal Low of the Arab World. • Criminal Procedure Low of the Arab World by Dr. Mamdooh Abdelhameed

  2. Table of Contents Part One : Introductory Provisions Part Two : Provisions Governing the Application of the Law: • Regard to Time. • Regard to Place and Persons. Part Three : Crimes: 1- Types of Crimes • In Islamic Law • In Penal Code

  3. 2- Basic Elements of the Crimes • The Material Element • The Moral Element • Accomplices • Causes of Justification • Accomplices • Causes of Justification • User of Right

  4. Part Four: Criminal Liability and Causes of Non-immutability • Liability of Natural Persons • Want of Understanding or Will • Want of Discernment • Minority • Necessity and Constraint • Responsibility of Judicial Persons

  5. Part Five : Punishment • Principal Punishments. • Accessory Punishments a. Incidental Punishments b. Complementary Punishments Part Six : Criminal Measures • Measures Restrictive of Liberty • Measures depriving of Rights and Material measures Part Seven : Social Defense Measures of Social Defense

  6. Part One Introductory Provisions أحكام تمهيدية 1- No person may be convicted for a crime committed by another. لا يؤخذ إنسان بجريمة غيره 2- The accused is innocent until the contrary is proved in accordance with the law. المتهم برئ حتى تثبت إدانته

  7. Part Two Provisions Governing the Application of the Penal Code& Criminal Procedures Low نطاق تطبيق قانون العقوبات والإجراءات Regard to Time من حيث الزمان Regard to Place and Persons من حيث المكان والأشخاص

  8. Regard to Time من حيث الزمان • A crime shall be punished according to the laws in force at the time it is committed. • يعاقب القانون على الجريمة طبقاً للقانون النافذ وقت ارتكابها • Where, after the crime is committed and before a final judgment is pronounced, a law that is more suitable to the accused is promulgated, such law shall alone be applicable. • إذا صدر بعد وقوع الجريمة وقبل الفصل فيها بحكم نهائي، القانون أصلح للمتهم هو الذي يطبق عليه دون غيره

  9. CONCLUSION Provisions Governing the Application of the Law Regard to Time Regard to Place and Persons All Crimes Committed on the Territory of the State The Law shall not apply to Persons enjoying on Immune Law in Force at the time Crime isCommitted The Law that is more suitable to the Accused • Any individual who performs Act out of the State one of the following Crime: • Against the Security of the State • Falsification, Counterfeiting or Forgery of Money Any individual who performs out of State, any Act which causes him to be considered on accomplice or another of the crime which is committed in the State All crimes committed on board of Ships & Aircrafts hoisting the flag of the State

  10. Chapter Two Provisions Governing the Application of the Law with Regard to Place and Persons

  11. Regard to Place and Persons من حيث المكان والأشخاص • The provisions of this law shall apply to all crimes committed on the territory of the State. The State's territory includes its lands, territorial waters and the atmospheric layer which covers them. • تسري أحكام القانون على كل من يرتكب جريمة في إقليم الدولة، ويشمل ذلك المياه والفضاء • The provisions of this Law shall apply to crimes committed on board of ships and aircrafts hoisting the flag of the State, wherever they are. Non-military governmental ships owned by the State and operated for government and non-commercial purpose. • تسري أحكام القانون على الجرائم التي ترتكب على ظهر السفن والطائرات التي تحمل علم الدولة أينما وجدت

  12. The provisions of this law are applicable to any individual who performs, out of the State, an act which causes him to be considered an accomplice or the author of a crime which is fully or partly committed in the State. • يسري هذا القانون على كل من ارتكب فعلاً خارج الدولةما يجعله فاعلاً أو شريكاً في جريمة وقعت كلها أو بعضها داخل الدولة. • The provisions of this Law shall apply to any individual who performs, out of the State, an act which causes him to be considered an accomplice or the principal author of one of the following crimes: • يسري القانون عل كل من ارتكب فعلاً خارج الدولة يجعله فاعلاً أو شريك أو جرائم من الجرائم التالية:

  13. A- Crimes committed against the internal or external security of the State. • جريمة ماسة بأمن الدولة الخارجي أو الداخلي. • B-Crimes of falsification, counterfeiting or forgery of coined or paper money. • جريمة تزوير أو تقليد أو تزييف عمله ورقية أو مسكوكات معدنية. • The provisions of this Law shall not apply, to persons enjoying an immunity in accordance with the international pacts or international or local laws. • لا يسري القانون على الأشخاص المتمتعين بحصانة

  14. Part Three Crimes Chapter one Types of Crimes : 1. Crimes in Islamic Law are divided into:تنقسم الجرائم الى فرعين • Crimes liable to the punishments provided for by the Divine Ordinance. جرائم حدود • Crimes liable to the payment of compensation or blood money. جرائم قصاص ودية • Crimes liable to castigation and chastisement. جرائم تعزير

  15. 2. Crimes in Penal Law : There are three types of crimes: • Feloniesجنايات, • 2. Misdemeanors جنح, • 3. Contraventions مخالفات. • The type of the crime shall be determined according to the penalty provided therefore in the law • الجرائم تحدد طبقاً للعقوبة المقرر لها في القانون

  16. 3. Felonies are those crimes punishable by one of the following penalties:الجنايات هي A- Any of the punishments provided for by the Divine Ordinance or compensation punishments except the two penalties provided for drinking and defamation.أي عقوبة من عقوبات الحدود أو القصاص عدا حدي الشرب أو القذف B-Deathالإعدام C- Life imprisonment. السجن المؤبد D-Temporary imprisonment.السجن المؤقت

  17. 4- Misdemeanors are those crimes punishable by one or more of the following penalties:الجنحة هي A- Confinement الحبس B- Fine exceeding one thousand dirhams. الغرامة C- Payment of compensation. الدية D- Whipping in the penalties provided for drinking and defamation. الجلد في حدي الشرب أو القذف 5. Contravention is any act or omission punishable under the laws or regulations, by one or both of the two following penalties:المخالفات هي كل فعل أو انتاج معاقب عليه بإحدىالعقوبتين أو كلاهما A-Custody for not less than twenty four hours and not more than ten days.الحجز من 24 ساعة الى 10 أيام B- A fine not exceeding one thousand dirhams. الغرامة التي لا تزيد عن 1000 درهم

  18. Chapter Two Basic Elements of the Crime أركان الجريمة The Material Element الركن المادي The Moral Element الركن المعنوي Consummate Crime الجريمة التامة Attempts الشريك

  19. Section 1 Material Element • The material element of a crime consists of a criminal act committed or omitted in violation of a law forbidding or commanding it. • يتكون الركن المادي للجريمة من نشاط إجرائي بارتكاب فعل أو الإفصاح عن فعل متى كان ذلك مجرماً قانونا • An attempt means an effort or endeavor to accomplish a crime, which has been prevented or has fallen short of the thing intended due to reasons beyond the offender's will. • But neither mere intention of committing a crime nor the preparation of planning for it, shall be considered as an attempt, unless the law stipulates otherwise. • الشروع هو البدء في تنفيذ الفعل بقصد ارتكاب جريمة إذا أوقف أو خاب أثره لآسباب لا دخل لإرادة الجاني فيها، ولكن لا شروع على الأعمال التحضيرية أو مجرد العزم مالم يجرم ذلك القانون.

  20. Section 1 Material Element • The material element of a crime consists of a criminal act committed or omitted in violation of a law forbidding or commanding it.يتكون الركن المادي للجريمة من نشاط إجرائي بارتكاب فعل أو الامتناع عن فعل متى كان ذلك مجرماً قانونا. • An attempt means an effort or endeavor to accomplish a crime, which has been prevented or has fallen short of the thing intended due to reasons beyond the offender's will. • But neither mere intention of committing a crime nor the preparation of planning for it, shall be considered as an attempt, unless the law stipulates otherwise. • الشروع هو البدء في تنفيذ الفعل بقصد ارتكاب جريمة إذا أوقف أو خاب أثره لآسباب لا دخل لإرادة الجاني فيها، ولكن لا شروع على الأعمال التحضيرية أو مجرد العزم مالم يجرم ذلك القانون. • The law shall determine which attempts of misdemeanors are punishable, as well as the penalties for such attempts. • يحدد القانون الجنح التي يعاقب على الشروع فيها وكذلك العقوبة المقررة.

  21. Section 2 The Moral Element الركن المعنوي • The moral element of the crime consists of the intention or the error.يتكون الركن المعنوي للجريمة من العمد أو الخطأ • The intention exists when the offender's will is to commit or omit an act which commission or omission is legally considered as a crime.العمد يتوفر باتجاه إرادة الجاني نحو ارتكاب فعل او الامتناع عن فعل متى كان ذلك غير قانوني. • There is error when the criminal effect is imputable to the offender's mistake, regardless whether the said mistake is negligence, lack of vigilance, lack of precaution, foolishness. الخطأ يتوفر إذا وقعت النتيجةالإجرائية بسبب خطأ الفاعل سواء كان ذلك إهمالاً أو عدم انتباه أو عدم احتياط أو طيش أو رعونة.

  22. The motive shall not constitute an element of incrimination unless the law stipulates otherwise .لا يعتد بالباعث على ارتكاب الجريمة • Ignorance of the provisions of this Law excuses no man. لا يعتبر الجهل بالقانون عزر • The author of a crime shall be liable for it whether he has committed it intentionally or erroneously, except in the cases where the law stipulates expressly the intention as condition. • يسأل الجاني عن الجريمة سواء ارتكبها عمداً أو خطأ ما لم يشترط القانون ارتكابها عمداً صراحة.

  23. Chapter 3 Accomplicesالمشاركة الإجرائية • Shall be considered author of a crime any individual who has committed it alone. يعد فاعلاً للجريمة من ارتكبها لوحده • Who has directly united in its commission. The accomplice shall be deemed a direct one, in the following cases:يعد شريكاً مباشراً في الجريمة في الحالات التالية • If he commits the crime in association with others. • إذا ارتكبها مع غيره • If he unites in the commission of the crime, which consists of a series of acts, and he commits intentionally one of the acts of which the crime is constituted. • إذا الشترك مع غيره وكانت تتكون من عدة أفعال وأتى عمداً فعلاً من هذه الأفعال. • If he makes use of another person, in any way whatever, for perpetration of the act constituting the crime.إذا سخر غيره بايوسيلة لتنفيذ الفعل المكون للجريمة.

  24. Shall be considered an accomplice in the causation of the crime: • شريكاً بالتسبب في الحالات التالية • He who has instigated the offender to commit the crime, which was effectively committed in accordance with the said instigation. • من حرض على ارتكابها فوقعت بناء على هذا التحريض • He who has agreed with another person to commit the crime, which was effectively committed pursuant to the agreement. • من اتفق مع غيره على ارتكابها فوقعت بناء على هذا الاتفاق • He who has given the offender a weapon, tools or any other thing which the latter has knowingly used in the commission of the crime. The accomplice shall in these cases be liable whether his relation to the author was direct or through an intermediary. • من أعطى القاتل سلاحاً أو آلات أو غيره واستعمل في ارتكاب الجريمة مع علمه بذلك

  25. Any individual who unites in the commission of a crime, as direct accomplice or being the cause thereof, shall be liable to its penalty, unless the law provides otherwise. • من اشترك مع غيره في جريمة بوصفه شريك مباشر أو متسبب عوقب بنفس العقوبة ما لم ينص القانون على غير ذلك.

  26. Chapter 4 Causes of Justification Section 1 Causes of Justification User Of Right Performance of Duty Right of Legitimate Defense

  27. I-User Right • There is no crime if the act is committed with good intention in the user of a legal right and within the scope of such right. • لا جريمة إذا وقع الفعل بنية سليمة استعمالاً لحق مقرر، وفي نطاق هذا الحق. • shall be considered as user of right: • Any acts performed by the husband or the father – or any person who is substituted to the father – for the purpose of disciplinary respectively his wife or his minor children, within the limits of that which is specified by the Islamic Sharia or by the Law.تأديب الزوج لزوجته، تأديب الآباء ومن في حكمهم للأولاد القصر في حدودالقانون والشريعة. • Medical surgery and medical treatment performed in accordance with the scientific principles generally accepted and applied in the licensed medical practice.الجراحة الطبية ولعلاجالطبي طبقاً للأحوال الطبية المتعارف عليها. • Acts of violence performed during the exercise of sport games.أعمال العنف أثناء ممارسة الألعاب الرياضية

  28. II. Performance of Duty أداء الواجب • There is no crime if the act is committed in the performance of a duty imposed by the Sahria or the Law provided that the offender is legally authorized thereto. لاجريمة إذا وقع الفعل من شخص مخول قانوناً إعمالاً لواجب تأمر به الشريعة أو القانون • There is no crime if the act is committed by a public officer or by a person who is commissioned with a public service in one of the two following cases:لا جريمة إذا وقع الفعل بين موظف عم في أي من الحالتين • Where he commits the act in execution of an order given to him by his superior who is legally authorized to give him such an order, which he is bound to execute. • تنفيذ لأمر صادر من رئيس مخول قانوناً بذلك ويجب طاعته • where he commits, bona fide, an act in execution of what is imposed by the law. • إذا ارتكب الفعل بحسن نية تنفيذاً لما امرت به القوانين

  29. III. Right of Legitimate Defense حق الدفاع الشرعي • There is no crime if the act is committed in the user of the right of legitimate defense. • لا جريمة إذا وقع الفعل استعمالاً لحق الدفاع الشرعي. • Such right exists when the following conditions are fulfilled :شروط الدفاع الشرعي • If the defendant faces the impending danger of a forcible crime to be committed against his person or property or against another person or such other person's property.إذا واجه المدافع خطراًحالاً من جريمة على نفسه أو ماله أو نفس غيره أو ماله • If the defendant cannot in time have recourse to the public authorities to repel the danger. يتعذر على المدافع الالتجاء للسلطات العامة لاتقاءالخطر في نفس الوقت. • If the defendant disposes of no other mode of protection from the peril.لا توجد وسيلة أخرى لدفع الخطر • If the defense is necessary in order to resist the attack and is proportionate thereto.الدفاع لازماً لدفع الخطر ومتناسباً معه

  30. Part Four Causes of Non-Imputability موانع المسئولية Natural Persons ا الأشخاص الطبيعيين Judicial Persons الأشخاص الاعتبارية

  31. Chapter One Liability of Natural Persons مسئولية الأشخاص الطبيعيين Want of Understanding or Will فقط الإدراك أو الإرادة Want of Discernment فقط التمييز Necessity and Constraint الضرر والإكراه Minority صغر السن

  32. Section 1 Want of Understanding or Will فقط الإدراك أو الإرادة • Shall not be criminally responsible he who, at the moment he commits the crime, is bereft of understanding or will for causes of insanity, mental deficiency or unconsciousness due to drugs or narcotic or intoxicating substances of any kind, which were given to him by force or which he was taken without being aware thereof, or due to any other reason which according to the science, causes the faculties of understanding and willing to be abolished.لا يسأل عن الجريمة من كان في وقت ارتكابها فاقد الإدراك أو الإرادة لجنونه أو عاهة أو غيبوبة ناشئة عن عقاقير مخدرة أخذها • 2. Where the want of understanding or will is due to drugs, or narcotic or intoxicating substances which the criminal has taken of his own free will and cognizance, he shall be liable to the penalty provided for the crime which he has committed.إذا وقعت الجريمة وكان الجاني قد تناول مواد مخدرة باختياره وعمة فإنه يعاقب عليها.

  33. Section 2 Want of Discernment فقط التمييز • No criminal action may be brought against any individual who has not reached seven completed years of age at the moment he commits the crime. • لا تقام الدعوى الجنائية على من لم يكن وقت ارتكاب الجريمة قد أتم السابعة من عمره

  34. Section 3 Minority صغر السن • The provisions laid down in the "Law of Misdemeanant and Neglected Delinquents" shall apply to minors aged between seven and eighteen completed years.تسري في شأن من أتم السابعة ولم يتم ثمان عشرة سنة الأحكام المنصوص عليها في قانون الأحداث

  35. Section 4 Necessity and Constraint الضرر والإكراه • Shall not be liable to punishment any act necessary in order to protect oneself or somebody else, or one owns property or somebody else's property from a serious and imminent danger, which the author of the act has not deliberately provoked. لا جريمة على من ألجأته الضرورة لارتكابها وقاية لنفسه أو ماله أو وقي غيره أو ماله من خطر جسيم على وشك الوقوع ولو لم يكن فرادته دخل في ذلك. • 2. shall also be exempted from penalty he who has been physically or morally constrained to commit a crime.لا يسأل جنائياً من ألجأ الى ارتكاب جريم بسبب إكراه مادي أو معنوي.

  36. Chapter Two Responsibility of Judicial Persons مسئولية الأشخاص الاعتبارية • Judicial persons, with the exception of governmental agencies and their official departments, public organizations and establishments, are responsible for any criminal act committed, for their account or in their names by their representatives, directors or agents.الأشخاصالاعتبارية فيما عدا مصالح الحكومة ودوائرها الرسمية والهيئات والمؤسسات العامة مسئولة جنائياً على الجرائم التي يرتكبها ممثليها أو وكلائها لحسابها أو باسمها. • 2. The Judge may only inflict upon judicial persons fines, confiscations and the criminal measures provided in the law for crimes. لا يجوز الحكم عليها بغيرالغرامة والمصادرة والتدابير الجنائية المقررة قانوناً

  37. Part Five Punishments Principal ا أصلية Accessory تبعية Incidental تبعية Complementary تكميلية

  38. Chapter One Principal Punishments العقوبات الأصلية • Punishments stipulated in the divine ordinance, punishments consisting in the payment of compensation or blood money. عقوبات الحدود والقصاص والدية

  39. Castigation and chastisement punishments, which are :عقوبات تعزيرية 1. Death الإعدام 2. Life Imprisonment السجن المؤبد 3. Temporary imprisonment السجن المؤقت 4.Confinement الحبس 5. Fine الغرامة

  40. Imprisonment is to detain the convict for life in case he is sentenced to life imprisonment, or to detain him for the period specially by the judgment in case of temporary imprisonment (3-15 years). • السجن هو وضع المحكوم عليه في إحدى السجون المخصصة لذلك مدى • الحياة أو للمدة المحكوم بها إذا كان مؤقتاً من 3-15 عام. • b. The period of confinement may neither be less than one month nor more than three years, unless there is a provision in the law to the contrary. • الحبس هو وضع المحكوم عليه للمدة المنصوص عليها ولايجوز أن تقل • عن شهر ولا تزيد عن 3 سنوات. • c. Fine is to inflict, upon the convict, payment to the Public Treasury of the sum determined by the judgment. Such a mulct may neither by less than one hundred dirhams (30$) nor may it exceed the sum of one hundred thousand dirhams (30000$) for crimes or the sum of thirty thousand dirhams (8000$) for misdemeanors. • الغرامة لا يجوز أن تقل عن 100 درهم ولا تزيد عن100 ألف درهم للجنايات • و 30 ألف درهم في الجنح

  41. Chapter 2 Accessory Punishments العقوبات الفرعية Section 1 Incidental Punishments العقوبات التبعية Incidental Punishments are : • Deprivation of some rights and privileges. • الحرمان من بعض الحقوق والمزايا • 2. Police surveillance. مراقبة الشرطة

  42. Section 2 Complementary Punishments العقوبات التكميلية • The judge may, upon pronouncing an imprisonment sentence for a crime, decide that the convict be deprived of one right or privilege or more, among those, for a period that is not less than one year and not exceeding three years. • الحرمان من مزية أو أكثر مدة لا تقل عن سنة ولاتزيد عن 3 سنوات • 2. Where a sentence of imprisonment is pronounced against a public officer. Judge may as well decide that the convict be removed from his function for (1 to 3 years). • يجوز العزل من الوظيفة لمدة ن سنة الى ثلاث سنوات • 3. The judge may upon pronouncing a judgment of final condemnation for a crime or misdemeanor, order to confiscate the things caught and connected with the offense or which have been or were due to be used therefore. • في الجنايات والجنح الحكم بالمصادرة للأشياء المتحصلة أو المستخدمة في الجريمة.

  43. Measures Restrictive of Liberty التدابير المقيدة للجريمة Measures imposing restrictions upon liberty are : • Interdiction to visit some public places. • حظر ارتياد بعض المحال • 2. Prohibition to reside in a specific place. • منع الإقامة في اماكن معينة. • 3. Surveillance المراقبة • 4. Obligation to work. الإلزام بالعمل • 5. Deportation. الإبعاد عن الدولة

  44. Section 2 Measures Depriving of Rights and Material Measures التدابير السالبة للحقوق والتدابير العادية Measures entailing deprivation of rights and material measures are : • Prohibition to carry out a specific job. • حظر ممارسة عمل معين • Withdrawal of driving license. سحب رخصة القيادة • Closing of establishment.اغلاق المحل

  45. Measures of Social Defense تدابير الدفاع الاجتماعية Measures of social defense are: • Internment in a therapeutifal shelter. • الإيداع في نادي علاجي • 2. Internment in any of the Labor Establishments.الإيداع في إحدى مؤسسات العمل • 3. Surveillance. المراقبة • 4. Obligation to reside in home of origin. • الإلزام بالإقامة في الوطن الأصلي

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