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History of the PC

History of the PC. Information thanks to “Technology in Action”, the “Digital Domain”, and several online locations. Intel 8080 and the Altair 8800. The first microcomputer Sold as a kit Switches for input Lights for output Gates and Allen create a compiler for Basic

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History of the PC

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  1. History of the PC Information thanks to “Technology in Action”, the “Digital Domain”, and several online locations.

  2. Intel 8080 and the Altair 8800 • The first microcomputer • Sold as a kit • Switches for input • Lights for output • Gates and Allen create a compiler for Basic • MITS receives 4,000 orders

  3. Apple I and Apple II • Apple I built by Steve Wozniak in 1976 • Apple II developed by Steve Jobs in 1977 • Uses Motorola processor • First fully contained microcomputer • Highly successful

  4. Early Competitors • Commodore • TRS-80 • Osborne

  5. IBM PC • IBM enters small computer market 1981 • Uses open architecture • Purchases operating system from Microsoft

  6. Beginners All-Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code (BASIC) • Revolutionized the software industry • Programming language that beginners could easily learn • Key language of the PC • Bill Gates and Paul Allen used BASIC to write the program for the Altair • Led to the creation of Microsoft

  7. Advent of Operating Systems • Steve Wozniak invents floppy drive • Disk Operating System (DOS): Operating system that controlled the first Apples • Control Program for Microcomputers (CP/M): First operating system for Intel-based PCs • MS-DOS • Operating system for IBM PCs • Based on an operating system called Quick and Dirty Operating System (QDOS) • Created by Bill Gates and Paul Allen • All PCs using the Intel chip used MS-DOS

  8. Software Application Explosion • Electronic Spreadsheets • VisiCalc • Lotus 1-2-3 and Microsoft Excel • Word Processing • WordStar • Word for MS-DOS • Word Perfect Bricklin and Frankston VisiCalc screenshot

  9. Graphical User Interface • Xerox • Palo Alto Research Center • Alto: 1972 • Apple • Lisa: 1983 • Macintosh: 1984 • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OYecfV3ubP8 Xerox Alto

  10. The Internet Boom • Mosaic • Netscape • Internet Explorer • Windows 95

  11. Pascalene 1624 The first accurate mechanical calculator Created by Blaise Pascal Used to add, subtract, multiply, and divide Early Computer History • Jacquard Loom 1820 • Created by Joseph Jacquard • A machine that automated the weaving of complex patterns • Used holes punched in cards to automate the process

  12. Early Computer History • Hollerith Tabulating Machine 1890 • Created by Herman Hollerith • Used punch cards to tabulate census data • Hollerith started the Tabulating Machine Company, which later became IBM • Analytical Engine 1834 • Created by Charles Babbage • The father of computing • The first automatic calculator • Includes components similar to those found in today's computers

  13. Early Computer History • Z1 1936 • Created by Konrad Zuse • The Z1 is a mechanical calculator • It included a control unit and memory functions • Atanasoff-Berry Computer 1939 • Created by John Atanasoff and Clifford Berry • The first electrically powered digital computer • Used vacuum tubes to store data • The first computer to use the binary system Atansoff-Berry Computer

  14. Early Computer History • Harvard Mark I 1944 • Created by Howard Aiken and Grace Hopper • A computer used by the US Navy for ballistics calculations • Hopper’s contribution to computing was • Invention of the compiler • Coined the term “computer bug” • Turing Machine 1939 • Created by Alan Turing • A hypothetical model that defined a mechanical procedure or algorithm • Concept of an infinite tape that could read, write, and erase was precursor to today’s RAM 1st use of “computer bug”

  15. Early Computer History • ENIAC 1944 • Created by John W. Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert • The first successful high-speed electronic digital computer • UNIVAC 1951 • The first commercially successful electronic digital computer • Used magnetic tape ENIAC UNIVAC

  16. Early Computer History • Transistors 1945 • Invented at Bell Laboratories • Replaces vacuum tubes • Integrated circuits 1958 • Invented by Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments • A small chip containing thousands of transistors • Enabled computers to become smaller and lighter

  17. Early Computer History • Microprocessor chip 1971 • Created by Intel Corporation • A small chip containing millions of transistors • It functions as the central processing unit (CPU)

  18. Computer Generations • First-generation computers (1946–1958) • UNIVAC • Use vacuum tubes • Second-generation computers (1959–1964) • Use transistors • Third-generation computers (1965–1970) • Use integrated circuits • Fourth-generation computers (1971–Today) • Use a microprocessor chip

  19. Fun Facts • Pascal invented the Pascaline to help his father calculate taxes (his father was a tax commissioner. • In 1679, Gottfried Leibniz introduced binary arithmetic – an essential part of our computer today.

  20. Fun Facts • Jacquard’s loom was an automated device that the public felt threatened their way of life. Traditional weavers rose in protest and a group, calling themselves “Luddites” rioted and destroyed many of the looms and cards. The term “Luddite” is still used today to refer to someone who is skeptical of technology or opposes technological advances due to the cultural changes associated with it.

  21. Fun Facts • Charles Babbage (the “father of computing”) did create a working “Difference Engine” in 1822 – a large mechanical calculator capable of addition and subtraction. It automated the computation of tables and their printing and would calculate polynomials. He conceived of the Analytical Engine, but died before being able to complete it. It used the punched cards like Jacquard’s loom.

  22. Fun Facts • The first computer programmer is considered to be Ada, Countess of Lovelace (daughter of the poet Lord Byron) because she wrote programs for Babbage’s “Analytical Engine” – even though Babbage’s machine was never built. She visualized that one day, machines would be able to do almost anything – display text, graphics, and even play music. She died at age 36 from cervical cancer.

  23. Fun Facts • Alan Turing helped build “Colossus” a machine used to break German codes in WWII. He also devised the Turing Test for artificial intelligence

  24. Fun Facts • Grace Hopper led the effort to create COBOL – one of the first three high-level programming languages. This language is still used in business applications today. She also “debugged” the first program by removing a moth from a relay of the machine she was working with.

  25. Fun Facts • In 1943, Thomas Watson, chair of IBM predicted a world market for maybe five computers. • In 1949, Popular Mechanics predicted that computers in the future would weigh no more than 1.5 tons. • (Aren’t we glad they were right!)

  26. Fun Facts • FORTRAN, LISP, and COBOL were the first 3 high-level programming languages (introduced during the 1950’s). • The first commercially accepted minicomputer sold for $18,000 in 1965. • In 1976, Queen Elizabeth II sent her first email message

  27. Fun Facts • Edward Roberts, the inventor of the MITS Altair 8800 (see second slide) first coined the term “personal computer.” It had an 8-bit Intel 8080 chip, 256 bytes of memory, no keyboard, no display, no external storage, and sold for between $300 and $400.

  28. Fun Facts The “Homebrew” computing club (where Wozniak and Jobs introduced the Apple I and Apple II) later became known as “Silicon Valley.” (They recently had a reunion – see the website below.) • http://news.com.com/Crowd+gathers+for+Homebrew+Computer+Clubs+30th/2100-1042_3-5935261.html

  29. Fun Facts • While in office, President Bill Clinton sent only two emails – one of which was a test to see if he knew how to send emails; the second to John Glenn on board the space shuttle

  30. Fun Facts • Former Ohio Sen. John Glenn has the distinction of being the first American to orbit the Earth and the only person to receive an e-mail written by President Clinton when he was in office.

  31. Fun Facts • Because of his extensive use of the Internet in his campaign, Barak Obama is being called the first “Internet” president.

  32. Fun Facts • The Computer History Museum, in Mountain View, CA, is home to one of the largest computer-artifact collections in the world. According to their home page, they have "a collection comprising over 4,000 artifacts, 10,000 images, 4,000 linear feet of catalogued documentation and gigabytes of software." Check them out on the web at www.computerhistory.org.

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