Professor Peter Kalmus

1. Particles and the Universe Queen Mary/Goldsmiths’ Astrophysics. July 2004 Physics Department http://www.ph.qmul.ac.uk p.i.p.kalmus@qmul.ac.uk Professor Peter Kalmus

2. 170,000 light years Supernova 1987A Neutrino numbers Emitted ~ 1058 Hit Earth ~ 1029 Hit tank ~ 1017 Interact ~ 10 Energy release ~ 1046 J SN 1987A Earth SN ~ 1046 J

3. 8 arc min Large Magellanic Cloud Sanduleak - 69o 202

6. LHC History of the Universe T/K Energy Tevatron LEP 16 10 1 TeV Particle Era Era of 10 1 GeV 13 Astronomy Nuclear Primordial Era Soup 10 1 MeV 10 Atomic Era 10 1 keV 7 10 1 eV 4 Hot as Hell 445oC = Boiling point of Brimstone Sun forms 10 1 meV Time m ps ns s ms s 1 day 1 year Today Time since Big Bang / s 10-12 10-6 100 1013 1018

7. Dark matter Dark energy Primordial Soup CERN style 100 GeV / particle Ingredients 56% quarks 16% gluons 9% charged leptons 9% W & Z particles 5% neutrinos 2% photons 2% gravitons 1% Higgs bosons Recipe by Rocky Kolb Hot 3 x 1015K Condensed Missing ingredients

8. Rotation in spiral galaxies Stars move too fast (measured by Doppler shift) 96 % of universe is undetected ~4% Baryonic; ~24% “Dark Matter” ~70% “Dark Energy” Inverse square law Sun a Kepler, Newton T2 = 4 p2 a3 G Mo

9. 9 8 7 6 iron nickel add neutrons Fusion Binding energy per nucleon 0 50 100 150 200 Atomic mass (nucleon) number A Nuclei : how were they made ? H, He, (Li) Big Bang Li, Be, B Spallation by Cosmic Rays Other elements Inside Stars Supernova Q/A MeV You are all made of star material !

10. Structure of the Atom Proton + Neutron strong force Early 20th Century electron, nucleus 1930s electric force electromagnetism Nucleus Atom bunch of grapes ~ 10-10m ~ 10-15m town

11. Neutrinos Feel weak force “predicted”  later discovered 100,000,000,000,000 per second pass through each person from the Sun Equal and opposite properties “predicted”  later discovered Annihilate with normal particles Now used in PET scans Antiparticles Many new particles created in high energy collisions 1950s, 1960s Convert energy to mass. Einstein E = mc2 > 200 new “elementary” (?) particles

12. Leptons (do not feel strong force) electron e- -1 e-neutrino ne 0 Quarks (feel strong force) up u +2/3 down d -1/3 Today’s building blocks proton = u u d +2/3 +2/3 -1/3 = +1 neutron = u d d +2/3 -1/3 -1/3 = 0 4 particles very simple multiply by 3 (generations) multiply by 2 (antiparticles) First generation

13. Today’s building blocks Leptons (do not feel strong force) electron e- -1 e-neutrino ne 0 Quarks (feel strong force) up u +2/3 down d -1/3 baryons q q q antibary. q q q mesons qq Also antileptons antiquarks 6 leptons 6 antileptons 6 quarks 6 antiquarks muon m- -1 m-neutrino nm 0 charm c +2/3 strange s -1/3 tau t- -1 t-neutrino nt 0 top t +2/3 bottom b -1/3

14. Antimatter Annihilation of Antigalaxy ? Telescopes X Cosmic rays ? AMS (Space station) Alfven hypothesis Earth, Moon, X Solar system X Antistars in our Galaxy ? Other (anti-) galaxies ? Anti-hydrogen : made in lab Bulk antimatter ? Where ? Difficult to detect Signal ? e+ + e - g + g 0.511 MeV g-ray “line” g g g Radiation pressure

15. Leidenfrost demo

16. 1 lens 2 lenses 3 lenses magnifying glass microscope no improvement Constituents Internal structure ? Quantum physics Particles have wave properties Insect l = h / p Resolution limited by wavelength of light l Relativity l ~ 5 x 10-7 m ~ 5 x 103 atom ~ 5 x 108 nucleus high velocities particle creation and annihilation To “probe” elementary particles need l lower by factor more than 109 E = mc2

17. Accelerator ~ Extract beam RF cavities electric kick Bending electro- magnet Focusing electro- magnet Vacuum ring Injector

18. Circular orbit demo

20. Proton source demo

21. Anode wires Anode wires + Gas electron Cathode Cathode Tracks of charged particles from electronic signals Wire chambers x coord : wire no. 1 mm y coord : drift time 0.1 mm z coord : current few cm division Also usually made of wires

22. Energy deposited Depth into calorimeter Calorimeter Metal Scintillator Waveshifter Light guides Photomultiplier Particle creates a shower. Scintillation light measures energy deposited

23. Waveshifter demo

24. Forces Electro- magnetic atoms molecules optics electronics telecom. Weak beta decay solar fusion Strong nuclei particles Gravity falling objects planet orbits stars galaxies short range gluon inverse square law photon short range W±, Z0 inverse square law graviton

25. Forces by exchange Analogy only Useful mental picture ?

26. Attraction

27. of the fundamental forces of nature Unification Faraday, Maxwell Newton Electricity Magnetism Apples Planets Electro- magnetic Gravity

28. of the fundamental forces of nature Unification Faraday, Maxwell Newton Electricity Magnetism Apples Planets Electro- magnetic Gravity Weak Strong Salam, Weinberg, Glashow Electroweak unified force g, W +, W -, Z 0 0 80 80 90 GeV Do the W and Z particles really exist ?

29. Collider Inject anti- protons ~ RF cavities electric kick Bending electro- magnet Carlo Rubbia Antiprotons Collide 2 beams Inside vacuum Focusing electro- magnet Simon van der Meer Stochastic cooling Inject protons

32. Carriers of Weak Force Found at CERN The W boson the hypo The Discovery of the W Boson The observation of the W intermediate vector boson, the particle that carries the weak nuclear force, is the most outstanding achievement of the CERN laboratory in Geneva and one of the most important advances in physics of this century. It is the successful conclusion of carries the weak force which controls the production of energy in the Sun and some The Role of UK Scientists Twenty-five British scientists played an important part in the remarkable discovery of the W boson. They were led by Professor J D Dowell of Birmingham University, Professor P I P Kalmus of Queen Mary College and Dr A Astbury of Rutherford Appleton Laboratory. The W boson

33. It is very encouraging that so many British scientists were in the team that discovered the “W boson”, and I would like to congratulate you and your colleagues from Queen Mary College on your success. I am sure that British physicists will be among the first to unify all the four basic forces From THE PRIME MINISTER 10 Downing Street To Professor P. I. P. Kalmus

34. Peter Kalmus Alan Honma Eric Eisenhandler Richard Keeler Reg Gibson Giordi Salvi Graham Thompson Themis Bowcock W and Z particles discovered UA1 Collaboration at CERN Included following members of Queen Mary Results confirmed by another CERN collaboration, and few years later at Fermilab USA Electroweak unification confirmed Nature’s fundamental forces reduced from 4 to 3 Nobel Prizes

35. p.i.p.kalmus@qmul.ac.uk http://www.ph.qmul.ac.uk

36. Big Bang Hot soup ~ 12 billion years Particle physics Recreates conditions accelerators, detectors of early universe Elementary 6 quarks 6 leptons building blocks + antiparticles + dark matter Fundamental Strong Gravity Electroweak forces (gluons) (gravitons) ( gW+ W- Zo) Chemical elements Stars Supernova