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Joey K. Hubbard, Brittany R. Jenkins, Rebecca J. Safran Joanna.Hubbard@colorado.edu

Early nest environment and genes have lifetime effects on the expression of a colorful sexual signal. Joey K. Hubbard, Brittany R. Jenkins, Rebecca J. Safran Joanna.Hubbard@colorado.edu Animal Behavior Society July 30, 2013. Phenotypic Variation. Genes. Environment. Environmental change

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Joey K. Hubbard, Brittany R. Jenkins, Rebecca J. Safran Joanna.Hubbard@colorado.edu

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  1. Early nest environment and genes have lifetime effects on the expression of a colorful sexual signal Joey K. Hubbard, Brittany R. Jenkins, Rebecca J. Safran Joanna.Hubbard@colorado.edu Animal Behavior Society July 30, 2013

  2. Phenotypic Variation

  3. Genes Environment Environmental change Phenotypic change over a short time period Selective pressure Phenotypic change over generations

  4. Sexually-Selected Traits Indirect Benefits Direct Benefits Genetic Control Environmental Control Phenotypic Variation

  5. Colorful Plumage Traits

  6. Melanin-Based Color

  7. North American Barn Swallows • Sexual trait • Socially Monogamous • Extra-pair paternity • Monitoring Boulder County breeding population since 2008 Safran & McGraw 2004; Safran et al. 2005

  8. Determined paternity using microsats Pedigree 530 offspring with 111 mothers and 98 fathers

  9. Animal Model • Univariate animal model to partition sources of variance for each color descriptor • Determine key variance components • Calculate variance ratios VP= VA + VT + VCE + VME + VR

  10. Variance Ratios VP= VA + VT + VCE + VME + VR

  11. Influences on Juvenile Color (Standard Error) Hubbard et al. in prep

  12. Influences on Juvenile Color (Standard Error) Hubbard et al. in prep

  13. Influences on Juvenile Color (Standard Error) Hubbard et al. in prep

  14. Within-Individual Variation 54 individuals (out of ~4000 nestlings) Hatch Year Second Year 205 individuals Year 1 Year 2

  15. Within-Individual Variation Hatch Year Second Year

  16. Within-Individual Variation Hatch Year to Second Year

  17. Within-Individual Variation Hatch Year to Second Year Year 1 to Year 2

  18. Summary ✔ ✔ Genetic Variation Environmental Variation Maternal Environment

  19. For the Swallows • Early environment has long-term effects on signal development • Females gain both indirect and direct benefits

  20. Heritability Estimates Ignoring other sources of non-independence results in overestimation of heritability Average Brightness

  21. Cross-fostering experiments • Experimentally tease apart effects of shared genes and shared environment • Explore specific environmental influences

  22. Thanks! Funding: American Ornithologists Union Animal Behavior Society CU EBIO Department CU Graduate School NSF CU BURST and UROP programs Lab and Field Help: Amazing Field Crews! Site Owners Stephen Alderfer Monica Brandhuber Andrew Flynn Amanda Hund Eric Lord Julie Marling Liz Scordato Audrey Tobin Ty Tuff Courtney van der Linden Rachel WildrickMatt Wilkins Photo Credit: Matt Wilkins Ian Harold

  23. Quantitative Genetics

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