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INTRODUCTION (1)

Aspirin Plus Coumarin Versus Aspirin Alone in the Prevention of Reocclusion After Fibrinolysis for Acute Myocardial Infarction Results of the Antithrombotics in the Prevention of Reocclusion In Coronary Thrombolysis (APRICOT)-2 Trial. INTRODUCTION (1). Fibrinolytic Therapy

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INTRODUCTION (1)

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  1. Aspirin Plus Coumarin Versus Aspirin Alone in the Prevention of Reocclusion After Fibrinolysis for Acute Myocardial Infarction Results of the Antithrombotics in the Prevention of Reocclusion In Coronary Thrombolysis (APRICOT)-2 Trial

  2. INTRODUCTION (1) • Fibrinolytic Therapy • a) Early restoration of coronary • patency • b) Survival of ST elevation

  3. INTRODUCTION (2) • Reocclusion of infarct related artery • a) Recurrent ischemic events • b) time dependent phenomenon • ---- 10% at discharge, 30% in 1st year • c) Risk of death increased (2X) • d) Preclude recovery of LV function • e) Prevention of reocclusion is warranted

  4. INTRODUCTION (3) • Antithrombotic therapy • a) Antiplatelet agent (Aspirin) • b) oral anticoagulation

  5. INTRODUCTION (4) • AIM: (APRICOT)-2 • To assess the impact of anticoagulation + Aspirin in the prevention of reocclusion and recurrent ischemic events after fibrinolysis for ST elevation AMI

  6. STUDY PROTOCOL (1) • APRICOT-2 • 1) Performed in 7 centers in Netherlands, 1994~2000 • 2) an investigator-initiated, randomized, angiographic and clinical follow-up study

  7. Figure 1. Design of the study.

  8. STUDY PROTOCOL (2) • Fibrinolytic agents • 1) anistreplase (30U in 5 min) • 2) Streptokinase (1.5 million in 30~60min) • 3) reteplase (2 bolus of 10U, 30mins apart) • 4) rtPA

  9. STUDY PROTOCOL (3) • Antithrombotic agents • 1) Aspirin • ----- starting dose: 160mg • ----- M.D.: 80mg QD • 2) Unfractionated heparin • ----- Bolus: 5000U • ----- Infusion of 24, 000U/24hrs (48hrs) • ------ aPTT: 2X control

  10. STUDY PROTOCOL (4) • Candidates for study • 1) TIMI Grade 3 flow • 2) Exclusion: • a) >75y/o • b) Contraindication to antithromotic tx • c) bypass graft infarcted • d) stenosis previously dilated • e) Left main stenosis

  11. STUDY PROTOCOL (5) • Endpoints • 1) Primary endpoints: • ---- reocclusion of infarct-related artery • (< TIMI grade 2)

  12. STUDY PROTOCOL (6) • Endpoints • 1) Secondary endpoints: • ----- clinical course without death, • reinfarction or revascularization

  13. Figure 2. Flow chart showing number of patients excluded and number remaining per treatment group with clinical and angiographic follow-up. ASA indicates aspirin; OAC, oral anticoagulation.

  14. Table 1. Clinical and Angiographic Characteristics at Study Entry ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Aspirin and Coumarin Aspirin (n=135) (n=139) ------------------------------------ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Men 111 (82) 112 (81) Age, y 57±11 58±10 Previous MI 15 (11) 17 (12) Current smoker 82 (61) 77 (55) Diabetes 8 (6) 9 (6) Hypertension 31 (23) 43 (31) Cholesterol 5.0 mmol/L 79 (59) 86 (62) Time to thrombolysis, h 2.3±1.3 2.4±1.4 Median peak CK, U/L 1034 (388–2202) 861 (496–1825) (25th–75th percentiles) Thrombolysis to first angio, h 30±14 31±15 Infarct-related artery LAD 59 (44) 52 (37) LCx 14 (10) 27 (19) RCA 62 (46) 60 (43) Single-vessel disease 75 (56) 75 (54) Culprit stenosis severity 57±15 59±13 QCA, % ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- MI indicates myocardial infarction; CK, creatine kinase; LAD, left anterior descending artery; LCx, left circumflex coronary artery; RCA, right coronary artery; and QCA, quantitative coronary angiography. Data are presented as number (%) of subjects for discrete variables and as mean±SD for continuous variables except for peak CK value.

  15. Figure 3. Changes in assigned antithrombotic medication after random assignment. ASA indicates aspirin;OAC, oral anticoagulation; GI, gastrointestinal.

  16. Figure 4. Incidence of reocclusion at follow-up angiography

  17. Table 2. Clinical Outcome Until 3-Month Follow-Up Angiography -------------------------------------------------------------------------- Aspirin and Coumarin Aspirin (n=135) (n=139) ------------------------------------------------------------------------- -Death 1 0 Reinfarction 3 (2) 11 (8)+ In hospital 25 After discharge 1 6 Revascularization 17 (13) 43 (31)++ In hospital PTCA 5 25 CABG 0 3 After discharge PTCA 11 14 CABG 1 2 Event-free survival 116 (86) 92 (66)* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- Data are presented as number of subjects and proportion (%) per treatment group. Patients may have had events in more than one category. Reinfarctions presented are not procedure-related (see text). *P<0.01; +P<0.05; ++P<0.01.

  18. RESULTS (1) • Complications: • 1) Procedure related infarction • ----- standard tx: 3 • ----- combined tx: 0

  19. RESULTS (2) • Complications: • 2) Bleeding • ----- Standard tx: 4 (3%) • ----- Combined tx: 7 (5%) • ----- Blood transfusion: 1:1 • ----- No cerebral hemorrhage

  20. DISCUSSIONS (1) • Heparin and Aspirin in AMI • 1) Longer heparinization may account for part of the early benefit ( how long??) • 2) Continued use of oral anticoagulation after discharge could prevent a rebound in recurrent ischemic events and additional occlusion

  21. DISCUSSIONS (2) • Coumarin and Aspirin in AMI • 1) Efficacy of anticoagulation tx • ----- dose-adjusted • ----- frequently monitored • ----- compliance • 2) CARS, CHAMP -----More bleeding but no clinical benefits

  22. DISCUSSIONS (3) • Coumarin and Aspirin in AMI • 3) APRICOT-2, ASPECT-2, WARIS-2 • ----- Improved clinical outcome • (does not represent the general population) • 4) Lowasa ( low dose anticoagulant and ASA study) ----- more reliable risk benefit estimation

  23. DISCUSSIONS (4) • Implications • 1) Other anticoagulants: LMWHs • ----- safety, direct Xa-inhibition, lower infarction rate are superior to UFH • ( ASSENT-PLUS, ASSENT-3, PENTALYSE, HERO-2)

  24. DISCUSSIONS (5) • Implications • 2) the use of routine revascularization strategy needs further reevaluation after successful thrombolysis

  25. CONCLUSION • Continuous prolonged antithrombotic regimen of both antiplatelet and anticoagulation tx has addition impact after fibrinolysis

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