Data Transmission: Signals and Communication Systems

1. Data Transmission NET 205: Data Transmission and Digital Communication 2nd semester 1438-1439

2. 205NET LOC • 1-Introduction to Communication Systems and Networks architecture OSI Reference Model. • 2- Data Transmission Principles

3. Outline • Data Transmission • Signals

4. Data and Signals • Data communications involves transmitting data between a transmitter and receiver via some medium. • Communication is in form of electromagnetic waves or signals. • Design of signals and characteristics of medium impact on how effective the communications are.

5. Analog and Digital Communication Signals • Data can be analog or digital • Signals can also be analog or digital Analog signal varies in continuous manner over time Digital signal maintains constant level for some period then changes to another constant level, in a discrete manner

6. Transmitting Data with Analog Signals • Analog signals: telephone lines, audio systems, microwave wireless, . . . • Efficient use of bandwidth, but noise is a problem

7. Transmitting Data with Digital Signals • Digital signals: LANs, WANs, mobile telephones, . . . • Can tolerate noise better than analog; easier to implement transmitters/receivers (can use software)

8. Outline • Data Transmission • Signals • Classification of Signals • Sine Wave • Amplitude, frequency and phase • Time and Frequency Domains • Composite Signals • Signal Bandwidth and Bit rate • Digital signal as a Composite Signals

9. Signal • A signal is a physical quantity by which information can be conveyed • Often, signals exhibit variation in time. How to represent the signal

10. Signal Representation • Mathematically, a signal is represented as a function of an independent variable : time (t ) . Thus, a signal is denoted by s (t ), x (t ),… .

11. Signal Representation • One way to show signals is by plotting them on a pair of perpendicular axes. The vertical axis represents the value or strength of a signal. The horizontal axis represents time. voltage time waveform

12. Classification of Signals • Signals can be classified as: • Analog and digital signals. • Periodic and aperiodic signals. • Simple and Composite Signals • Other classifications: continues or discrete time signals, even or odd signals. …etc

13. Analog and Digital signals • Analog signal: is a signal whose amplitude can take on any value in a continues range. • Digital signal: is a signal whose amplitude can take on only a finite number of values.

14. Periodic and Aperiodic Signals • Periodic signal: • Completes a pattern within a measurable time frame, called a period, and repeats that pattern over subsequent identical periods. • The completion of one full pattern is called a cycle. • An aperiodic (nonperiodic) signal: • changes without exhibiting a pattern or cycle that repeats over time.

15. T

16. Simple and Composite Signals • Simple signal:is the signal that cannot be decomposed into simpler signals e.g. the sinusoidal signal (sine or cosine waves). • Composite signal:is the signal that composed of multiple sinusoidal signals added together.

17. Sinusoidal Signals • Sinusoidal signals, based on sine and cosine functions, are the most important signals you will deal with.  • They are important because virtually every other signal can be thought of as being composed of many different sine and cosine signals.

18. Sine Wave • A sine wave can be mathematically describe as g(t) = A sin (ωt + φ) where A is the peak amplitude ωis the angularfrequencyω = 2πf f is frequency in Hertz , and φ is the phase.

19. Peak Amplitude • The peak amplitude of a signal is the largest value it takes, proportional to the energy it carries. • For electric signals, peak amplitude is normally measured in volts.

21. Period and Frequency • Period refers to the amount of time, in seconds, a signal needs to complete 1 cycle. • Frequency refers to the number of periods (cycles) in 1 s.

22. Note Period and Frequency Frequency and period are the inverse of each other. Hertz second

23. High frequency wave Low frequency wave

24. Period and Frequency • Period is formally expressed in seconds. • Frequency is formally expressed in Hertz (Hz), which is cycle per second. • Units of period and frequency are shown in the following table.

25. Examples • A sine wave has a frequency of 60 Hz, what is the period of this signal in ms ? • Express a period of 100 ms in microseconds? • The period of a signal is 100 ms. What is its frequency in kilohertz?

26. Note More About Frequency Frequency is the rate of change with respect to time. Change in a short span of time means high frequency.Change over a long span of time means low frequency.

28. More About Frequency • What if a signal does not change at all? What if it maintains a constant voltage level for the entire time it is active? • What if a signal changes instantaneously? What if it jumps from one level to another in no time?

29. Note More About Frequency If a signal does not change at all, its frequency is zero. If a signal changes instantaneously, its frequency is infinite.

30. Phase • The term phase describes the position of the waveform relative to time 0. • If we think of the wave as something that can be shifted backward or forward along the time axis, phase describes the amount of that shift. It indicates the status of the first cycle.

31. Three sine waves with the same amplitude and frequency, but different phases

32. Phase Phase is measured in degrees or radians. • A phase shift of 360° corresponds to a shift of a complete period. • A phase shift of 180° corresponds to a shift of one-half of a period. • A phase shift of 90° corresponds to a shift of one-quarter of a period.

33. Example A sine wave is offset 1/6 cycle with respect to time 0. What is its phase in degrees and radians? Solution We know that 1 complete cycle is 360°. Therefore, 1/6 cycle is

34. Wavelength • Wavelength is another characteristic of a signal traveling through a transmission medium. • Wavelength depends on both the frequency and the medium. • The wavelength is the distance a simple signal can travel in one period. • The wavelength is normally measured in micrometers (microns) instead of meters.

35. Wavelength • Wavelength can be calculated if one is given the propagation speed (the speed of light) and the period (or frequency) of the signal where λ is the wavelength and c is the propagation speed.

36. Wavelength

37. Time and Frequency Domains • The time-domain plot shows changes in signal amplitude with respect to time (it is an amplitude-versus-time plot). • To show the relationship between amplitude and frequency, we can use what is called a frequency-domain plot. • A frequency-domain plot is concerned with only the peak value and the frequency. Changes of amplitude during one period are not shown.

38. A complete sine wave is represented by one spike. • The position of the spike shows the frequency and its height shows the peak amplitude.

39. Time and Frequency Domains • It is obvious that the frequency domain is easy to plot and conveys the information that one can find in a time domain plot. • The advantage of the frequency domain is that we can immediately see the values of the frequency and peak amplitude.

40. The frequency domain is more compact and useful when we are dealing with more than one sine wave.

41. Composite Signals • According to Fourier analysis, any composite signal is a combination of simple sinusoidal signals with different frequencies, amplitudes, and phases. • A composite signal can be periodic or nonperiodic.

42. Composite Signals • A periodic composite signal can be decomposed into a series of simple sinusoidal signals with discrete frequencies (that have integer values 1, 2, 3, and so on) in the frequency domain. (Fourier series) • A nonperiodic composite signal can be decomposed into a combination of an infinite number of simple sinusoidal signals with continuous frequencies in the frequency domain. (Fourier transform)

43. A composite periodic signal

44. A nonperiodic composite signal Frequency domain

45. Bandwidth • The bandwidth term can be used in two different contexts with two different measuring values: • bandwidth in Hertz • bandwidth in bits per seconds

46. Signal Bandwidth in Hertz • The range of frequencies contained in a composite signal is its bandwidth. • The bandwidth is normally a difference between two numbers, the lowest and highest frequencies contained in a signal.

47. Bandwidth of a periodic signal Bandwidth of a nonperiodic signal

48. Examples • If a periodic signal is decomposed into five sine waves with frequencies of 100, 300, 500, 700, and 900 Hz, what is its bandwidth? Draw the spectrum, assuming all components have a maximum amplitude of 10 V. • A periodic signal has a bandwidth of 20 Hz. The highest frequency is 60 Hz. What is the lowest frequency?

49. Digital Signals • Information can be represented by a digital signal. Amplitude A digital signal with two levels Time Amplitude A digital signal with four levels Time

50. Bit Rate • Most digital signals are nonperiodic, and thus period and frequency are not appropriate characteristics. • Another tem – bit rate ( instead of frequency) is used to describe digital signals. • The bit rate is the number of bits sent in 1 s, expressed in bits per second (bps). • The bit interval is the time required to send one single bit.