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Strategic Planning for Climate-Smart Agriculture

Strategic Planning for Climate-Smart Agriculture. How to get ready for worsening weather, while growing local solutions for a better global climate A 2-part presentation 1. Why is a landscapes approach best? 2. How to address different needs & priorities. Douglas White R4D&C

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Strategic Planning for Climate-Smart Agriculture

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  1. Strategic Planning for Climate-Smart Agriculture How to get ready for worsening weather, while growing local solutions for a better global climate A 2-part presentation 1. Why is a landscapes approach best? 2. How to address different needs & priorities Douglas White R4D&C With contributions from: Peter Minang, ASB of the CGIAR Pablo Benitez, Gerald Kapp ,WBI

  2. Strategic Planning for Climate-Smart Agriculture Part 1. Why is a landscapes approach best?A rationale for seeing things differently • Preface: • The potential for agriculture to mitigate climate change • The goal and objectives of CSA • Contents: • What is a landscapes approach? • Why do we need a landscapes approach? 

  3. Background: Agriculture causing Climate Change ~ 1/2 • Source:IPCC, 2007 • Agriculture is responsible for almost half of all human-related CH4 and N2O emissions • By 2030, these annual emissions are projected to substantially increase • N2O up by 35-60% • CH4 up by 60%

  4. Background: Agriculture-related GHG Emitting Activities 25% of total GHG emissions in 2004 Source: Smith, et al., 2007

  5. Background: Agriculture-related GHG Emitting Activities Agriculture & forest activities contributing to climate change in 2004 25% of total GHG emissions Source: Smith, et al., 2007 Smith, et al. 2007 DB Research 2011

  6. The potential role of agriculture in mitigating climate change Other Sources of expected GHG emission reductions Source: Smith, et al., 2007. Agriculture is expected to contribute 18% of total GHG emission reductions Together with better forest management, the two sources are 33% of the total abatement potential

  7. Background: From where agriculture contributions could come Americas Africa Asia Europe Most potential agricultural GHG improvement is in developing regions Smith, et al. 2007, DB Research 2011

  8. What is Climate-Smart Agriculture? • increases yields (poverty reduction & food security), • makes yields more resilient in the face of worsening weather conditions (adaptation), and • transforms the farm into a solution to the climate change problem (mitigation). • (World Bank , 2012) CSA is agriculture that

  9. What is Climate-Smart Agriculture? is multiple objective goal. a process involving many types of people a negotiated effort a moving target as capabilities improve. CSA is

  10. What is a landscape? Photo: A. Vidal An area, as perceived by people, whose character is the result of the action and interaction of natural and/or human factors. (European Landscape Convention, 2000)

  11. What is a landscape? Photo: C. Diewald An area, as perceived by people, whose character is the result of the action and interaction of natural and/or human factors. (European Landscape Convention, 2000) Not defined by a specific area - but by areas with similar functions

  12. What are the functions of a landscape? farming ranching logging mining water & wildlife soil fertility & clean air carbon storage cultural traditions markets policies Photo: R. Ritzema Economic Environmental Social Adapted from IAASTD, 2008

  13. Landscape functions and perspectives Geography Continent Basin/ valley Watershed/ Catchment Field, Forest Micro MesoMacro

  14. Landscape functions and perspectives Economic National market Regional market area Local harvest & market area Farm Field/Pasture Geography Continent Basin/ valley Watershed/ Catchment Field, Forest Micro MesoMacro

  15. Landscape functions and perspectives Government administration Country State/Department County/District Town Culture Nation Communities People/Tribe Community Family Economic National market Regional market area Local harvest & market area Farm Field/Pasture Geography Continent Basin/ valley Watershed/ Catchment Field, Forest Micro MesoMacro

  16. Landscape functions and perspectives Government administration Country State/Department County/District Town Culture Nation Communities People/Tribe Community Family Economic National market Regional market area Local harvest & market area Farm Field/Pasture Ecology Biome Ecosystem Geography Continent Basin/ valley Watershed/ Catchment Field, Forest Micro MesoMacro

  17. Landscape functions and perspectives Government administration Country State/Department County/District Town Culture Nation Communities People/Tribe Community Family Economic National market Regional market area Local harvest & market area Farm Field/Pasture Ecology Biome Ecosystem Geography Continent Basin/ valley Watershed/ Catchment Field, Forest Area “Greater Landscapes” ~1,000,000 ha “Smaller Landscapes” ~100 ha Micro MesoMacro

  18. What is a landscape? For Climate Smart Agriculture: A landscape is a land area of inter-related social traditions, economic activities and environmental services that new policies and investments can change.

  19. What is a landscapes approach? Environmental Air and Climate Soils and Water Biodiversity and forests • It is a way of seeing a landscape differently - at the same time. By thinking of: Agriculture with Natural resources

  20. What is a landscapes approach? Social Livelihood customs Laws and regulations Representative organizations Participation in policy processes • It is a way of seeing a landscape differently - at the same time. By thinking of: Agriculture with Policies & Traditions

  21. What is a landscapes approach? Economic Improved crops, animals and trees New and more products for home and sale Credit for investments, reduced financial risks • It is a way of seeing a landscape differently - at the same time. By thinking of: Agriculture with Natural Technologies & Markets

  22. Why a landscapes approach? • Traditional economic sector approaches do not recognize interactions between: agriculture – forestry – water – energy use – settlements – infrastructure, etc. • A landscapes approach: • Helps to understand who participates in CSA and how they may affected – positively and negatively. • Identifies the essential efforts required to achieve substantial changes in agricultural practices. • Provides a way to scale up project-based initiatives into a coordinated national program.

  23. How a landscapes approach can work Environmental Better management: Soil fertility – crop rotations, fertilizers, trees and ground covers Woodlots and water storage More carbon & biodiversity Natural resource management instead of extraction and degradation

  24. How a landscapes approach can work Social Train and build capacity: Crop, soil, forest, animal, water management Community organization, negotiation skills Improved legal framework and information management Greater participation, empowerment Empowered people and fair policies instead of threatened cultures and ineffective regulations

  25. How a landscapes approach can work Economic Research and extension to improve crops, animals, water, soils and trees Market intelligence Mechanisms and agreements to compensate providers of environmental services Financial mechanisms for upfront investments Better technologies and new markets instead of poor harvests and few opportunities

  26. A landscapes approach to CSA: Rationale Identifies the processes of change needed of Policies & traditions Technologies & markets so that better Natural resource management Becomes viable and in best interest of local and global communities.

  27. Strategic Planning for Climate-Smart Agriculture • Next section: • How to address different needs and priorities Why processes? With a change in policies, rarely does everyone agree and benefit equally.

  28. Strategic Planning for Climate-Smart Agriculture Part 2. How to address different needs and priorities Analytical tools for strategic planning of CSA • This section will cover: • Key steps of a strategic plan for CSA • Envision, Review, Identify, Plan, Re-examine • Performance criteria using a landscapes approach • Synergies and trade-offs with CSA: • What are synergies and trade-offs? • Why analysis is important • Other tools to plan CSA landscapes • Summary

  29. CSA Strategy and Planning • Key steps: • Envision goals • What is the desired conditions of the landscapes? For CSA: • increase yields (poverty reduction & food security), • make yields resilient in the face of climate extremes (adaptation), • make the farm a solution to the climate change (mitigation). 1 • Review contexts 2 • Identify actions 3 • Plan 4 • Re-examine 5

  30. CSA Strategy and Planning • Key steps: • Envision goals 1 • Review contexts • What is the current situation? • What are the problems/gaps and why? Develop a evaluation framework of landscapes, with performance criteria for: • environmental sustainability • social equity • economic growth Diagnose these “landscapes” to better understand these contexts simultaneously. 2 • Identify actions 3 • Plan 4 • Re-examine 5

  31. Performance Criteria Traditions & Policies • Social Equity Resource rights and legal framework Participation and influence in policy process Livelihood traditions, community social capital

  32. Performance Criteria Traditions & Policies Technologies & Markets • Social Equity • Economic growth Resource rights and legal framework Crops, animals, environmental services Participation and influence in policy process Skills, water, fertilizers, financial services Livelihood traditions, community social capital Storage, processing, transport, information

  33. Performance Criteria Natural resources • Environmental Sustainability Emission reduction, carbon stock increase Fertility, health Traditions & Policies Technologies & Markets Quality, flow regulation Plants & animals • Social Equity • Economic growth Resource rights and legal framework Crops, animals, environmental services Participation and influence in policy process Skills, water, fertilizers, financial services Livelihood traditions, community social capital Storage, processing, transport, information

  34. CSA Strategy and Planning • Key steps: • Envision goals 1 • Review contexts 2 • Identify actions 3 What actions must be taken to close the gaps in goods & services? What conditions are essential for success? • Coordinate plan 4 • Re-examine 5

  35. CSA Strategy and Planning • Key steps: Example CSA practices: increase soil carbon storage: improve crop and grazing land management restore cultivated soils and degraded lands; reduce CH4 emissions: improve manure management reduce N2O emissions: improve nitrogen fertilizer application techniques replace fossil fuel use: establish energy crops; improve energy efficiency; mulch farming, conservation tillage, cover cropping and recycling of bio-solids. Incentives and policies to foster investments Payments for environmental services (e.g., carbon, water) Grants, loans, rotating credit arrangements Fiscal: tax/tariff reductions Insurance against harvest losses Certification and product price premia (Adapted from: FAO, 2008; CCAFS, 2012) • Envision goals 1 • Review contexts 2 • Identify actions 3 • Coordinate plan 4 • Re-examine 5

  36. CSA Strategy and Planning • Key steps: • Envision goals 1 • Review contexts 2 • Identify actions 3 • Coordinate plan 4 What investments are required to implement the activities? What are the roles and responsibilities of organizations? • Re-examine 5

  37. CSA Strategy and Planning • Key steps: • Envision goals 1 • Review contexts 2 • Identify actions 3 CSA • Coordinate plan 4 • Re-examine 5

  38. CSA Strategy and Planning • Key steps: • Envision 1 • Review 2 • Identify 3 • Plan 4 • Re-examine 5 What are the likely and unexpected outcomes of CSA?

  39. Potential CSA performance • Synergies • Trade-offs • and These concepts are not opposites

  40. Potential CSA performance Inputs Outcomes • Synergy • Co-benefit • Additional objectives are attainable without extra effort or input • 1+0 = 1+1 • Win-win • Trade-off Not all objectives are attainable at the same time, and/or a gain towardsone comes with a loss to another • 1 > 1-1 Win-lose • The interaction of two or more activities/inputs with a combined effect greater than the sum of their individual effects • 1+1 > 2 • positive interaction • Overlooked necessary condition • 1+1 < 2 • negative interaction + –

  41. Potential CSA performance Inputs Outcomes • Synergy • Co-benefit • Additional objectives are attainable without extra effort or input • 1+0 = 1+1 • Win-win • Trade-off Not all objectives are attainable at the same time, and/or a gain towardsone comes with a loss to another • 1+1 = 2-1 Win-lose • The interaction of two or more activities/inputs so that their combined effect is greater than the sum of their individual effects • 1+1 > 2 • positive interaction • Overlooked necessary condition • 1+1 < 2 • negative interaction + –

  42. Potential CSA performance Inputs Outcomes • Synergy • Co-benefit • Additional objectives are attainable without extra effort or input • 1+0 = 1+1 • Win-win • Trade-off Not all objectives are attainable at the same time, and/or a gain towardsone comes with a loss to another • 1+1 = 2-1 Win-lose • The interaction of two or more activities/inputs so that their combined effect is greater than the sum of their individual effects • 1+1 > 2 • positive interaction • Overlooked necessary condition • 1+1 < 2 • negative interaction + –

  43. Trade-offs and co-benefits with proposed GHG mitigation measures Adapted from Smith, et al., 2007

  44. Trade-offs and co-benefits with proposed GHG mitigation measures Adapted from Smith, et al., 2007

  45. Trade-offs and co-benefits with proposed GHG mitigation measures Adapted from Smith, et al., 2007

  46. Trade-offs and co-benefits with proposed GHG mitigation measures • Performance depends on: • required investments and payback potential • how policies and incentives are targeted

  47. Why analysis of synergies, necessary conditions, and co-benefits and tradeoffs is important at landscape scale Helps to: • better understand the potential of mitigation measures and their complex impacts • identify the extra efforts and coordination required to minimize tradeoffs and avoid potential pitfalls • structure a comprehensive analysis, whereby CSA policies, investments and changes have understandable effects on environmental – social – economic goals.

  48. Tools for analyzing CSA initiatives within landscapes Performance indicators Participatory approaches Quantitative modeling

  49. ASB MatrixExample: Pucallpa, Peru Amazon Evaluation criteria Land uses users defined units of analysis and criteria scientists devised metrics and conducted measurements that fill cells White, et al. 2006, 2011 Based on Tomich, et al. 1998.

  50. ASB MatrixExample: Pucallpa, Peru Amazon Evaluation criteria Land uses White, et al. 2006, 2011 Based on Tomich, et al. 1998.

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