Tilly's (1978, p. 15) Marx's Model of Collective Action

1. Tilly's (1978, p. 15) Marx's Model of Collective Action Marx Solidarity Organization of Production Collective Action Conflicting Interests

2. Tilly’s Simple Marxist Model Organization Of Production Relationship to Other Classes Shared Interests Internal Organization Common Consciousness Collective Action Source: Tilly 1978, p. 43

3. Hogan’s Simple Marxist Model Organization Of Production Inter-Class Conflict Class Based Collective Action Organization Of Reproduction Intra-Class Cooperation

4. Tilly's (1978, p. 15) Durkheim's Model of Collective Action Non-Routine Routine Division of Labor Solidarity Individual Interest Discontent Routine Collective Action Deviant Collective Action

5. Durkheim's Model of Collective Action (Hogan’s Version) Non-Routine Routine - Division of Labor Routine Collective Action + Solidarity Individual Interest/fears Discontent/ anomie - External threat Deviant Collective Action

6. Tilly's (1978, p. 15) Mill's Model of Collective Action Decision Rules Individual Interests Individual Action Collective Action

7. Tilly's (1978, p. 15) Weber's Model of Collective Action Non-Routine Routine Interest Interest Collective Action Collective Action Belief Belief Organization Organization

8. Hogan’s Version of Tilly's (1978, p. 15) Weberian Model of Collective Action More Generally Legitimate Authority Interest Interest Collective Action Collective Action Belief Belief Organization Organization

9. Tilly’s Mobilization Model Organization Interest Mobilization Repression/ Facilitation Opportunity/ Threat Power Collective Action Source: Tilly (1978), p. 56

10. Tilly’s (1978) Interests • Marxist: use class as “predictors of the interests people will pursue in the long run” (p. 61); these are objective class interests • Subjective/expressed interests: Tilly uses these to predict what people will do in the short run • Marx roots interests in the relations and modes of production and the relations between and within classes—the relations of life and work • Weber distinguishes class, status, and party interests, which may or may not predict collective action. • How might we explain or predict the interests of Lafayette residents on the issues of the no-smoking ordinance or the location of the new juvenile justice center? • What are the issues that you want to study? Immigration? Gender/Racial Justice?

11. Four Ways in Which Marxist Class Categories Matter • Movements are segmented by class: within environmental, women’s, and black’s movements there are contradictory class interests that create mobilization and organization problems • We can expand “relations of production” to include “reproduction.” The alienation of life and work generates organization and mobilization problems and also affects the nature of social movements. The birth of social movements in the nineteenth century occurred as life and work became alienated, as capital and the state appropriated the means of producing and reproducing community life. • We can accept expressed interest and still recognize that these class-conflict problems (above) produce factions or consensus movements (SMOs like MADD), and even bourgeois state sponsored movements (like anti-smoking and DARE) • Even consensus movements like environmentalism have class based opponents (builders, loggers, developers, realtors, banks and insurance companies)

12. Tilly’s (1978, p. 63) Organization in Terms of Categories and Networks high Printers Union Local All Brazilians organization Catness Friendship Networks low Casual Crowd low high Netness

13. Tilly (1978, p. 112) on Government Response to Challengers Small Facilitation Scale of Toleration Claim Repression Large WeakStrong Power of Group

14. Tilly’s Model of Collective Action Predicted by Power, Mobilization, and Opportunity/Threat ∞ opportunity Collective Goods Obtained mobilization break even 0 threat -1 Low High Resources Expended

15. Power, Mobilization, and Opportunity/Threat: Tilly (1978) • Power results from relations with others, including governments. Facilitation or repression are the extreme reactions to collective action, decreasing or increasing the cost/benefits of collective action. Graphically, power is represented by the shape of the S curve that describes the return on collective actions (collective goods obtained/resources expanded). The steeper the curve the greater the power. • Mobilization limits the potential return, however, since the resources expended cannot exceed mobilization (mobilization is defined as resources controlled by constituents * probability that these will be committed). • Opportunity is "the extent to which other actors, including governments, are vulnerable to new claims which would, if successful, enhance the contender's realization of its interests." (p. 133) • Threat is "the extent to which other groups are threatening to make claims which would, if successful, reduce the challenger's realization of its interests." (p.133)