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Giemsa or Wright ’ s stain are best 15-20 axial filaments ferment glucose and other CHO

GENUS BORRELIA. Spirochete gram -. Giemsa or Wright ’ s stain are best 15-20 axial filaments ferment glucose and other CHO slow growing microaerophile. Habitat

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Giemsa or Wright ’ s stain are best 15-20 axial filaments ferment glucose and other CHO

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  1. GENUS BORRELIA Spirochete gram - Giemsa or Wright’s stain are best 15-20 axial filaments ferment glucose and other CHO slow growing microaerophile Habitat obligate parasites in a variety of vertebrate hosts pathogenic borreliae of animal are vectored by ticks other arthropods are short term vectors

  2. DISEASES Relapsing fever Lyme disease

  3. Lyme Disease : Transmitted by ticks (Ixodes spp.)aquired by larval stages of ticks feeding on small rodents and variety of small wild animal act as reservoir hostsdoes not undergo the antigenic changes of relapsing fever B. burgdorferi (predominant in North America) B. garinii B. alfzelli etc

  4. Virulence factor Spirochaete are restricted to the mid gut Following ingestion of blood , they are found in salivary gland Following ingestion of blood by the ticks, a change occur in outer surface protein of borreliae (Osp) from OspA to OspC (essential for virulence)

  5. Reservoir host Maintenance host Incidental host Lyme disease

  6. PATHOGENESIS Infected larva tick on small rodents (reservoir hosts) Infected nymph Infected adult Susceptible animals human, dog, horse Large animals (maintenance hosts)

  7. Susceptible animals human, dog, horse blood stream through out the body(multiply) localized at skin(rash) joints, brain, nerves, eyes, heart Lyme disease

  8. Lyme Disease (continue) * endemic area : -American south & farwest, Europe * deer, mice and other rodents serve as reservoir * B. burgdorferi isolated from urine of dog & cows as well as milk from infected cow (infrequent) Human : B. burgdorferi * skin lesion (erythema migrans) for wks and months * later by neural, cardiac, arthritic complication

  9. Dog : (frequently) * polyarthritis, fever, anorexia * lymphadenopathy, carditis * renal disease Horse & Cattle : * abortion in cattle * polyarthritis, ocular and neural involvement in horses * foal mortality

  10. Lyme arthritis Tick paralysis

  11. IMMUNITY humural immune appears essential for protection against B. burgdorferi infection most animals appear to self-immunize with no apparent clinical manifestation subsequent to exposure to the spirochetes

  12. Relapsing fever ornithodorus spp. B. hermsii tick-borne (animal to human) ornithodorus spp. Feed for short periods of time borrelia are inoculate within minutes more relapse, more fatality B. recurrentislouse-borne (human to human) long febrile & afebrile interval longer incubation period

  13. Relapse phenomenon Outer surface proteins of borrelia allows a new clone to avoid antibodies directed against the original infecting organism the patient clinically improves until the new clone multiplies sufficient to cause another relapse

  14. PATHOGENESIS Enter the host Generalized infection after one week spirochaetemia Fever, headahe, muscle pain (4-10 days) Afebrile period (5-6 days) Absence of spirochaetemia 1 relapse (louse-borne),3 relapse (tick-borne)

  15. Immunoavoidance mechanism of borrelia illustrating the antigenic variants infection

  16. Animal Borrelioses : Borrelia anserina(Argas spp.) * fowl spirochetosis in chickens, turkeys, geese, ducks, pheasants, pigeons, canaries, some wild bird * fever depression anorexia * greenish diarrhea * paralysis and anemia * splenomegaly, widespread hemorrhage * enlarged liver contains necrotic foci

  17. Borrelia theileri(cattle, sheep, horse) * mild febrile anemia

  18. ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION 1. Demonstration of the agent in tissues and fluids (dark field, immunofluorescence microscopy) 2. ELISA (antibody detection) 3. PCR (tissue or fluid) 4. Culture is laborious from synovial fluid 5. Antibody in serum or other fluid (indirect IF test)

  19. B. burgdorferi (dark field)

  20. Pathogens : Species Hosts Specific Diseases B. anserina birds Avian borreliosis B. burgdorferi canine Canine borreliosis man Lyme disease B. theileri bovine bovine borreliosis equine equine borreliosis other species man tick-borne relapsing fever

  21. Leptospira Borrelia Brachyspira/ Serpulina • found in aquatic environment • systemic infection • shed in urine • liquid media 30 0C aerobic • dark field, silver stain, IF • transmitted by arthropod vector • systemic infection • culture from affected animal • special media 30-35 0C microaerophilic • dark field, IF • Intestinal spirochaetes (pig) • localize • culture from affected intestine • special blood media 42 0C anaerobic • silver stain, faeces histopatho section, IF

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