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Ancient Greece

Ancient Greece. I. Early Civilizations. A. Minoans 1. Lived on Crete; built palace in Knossus 2. 2000 B.C. – 1400 B.C.; traders throughout Mediterranean. B. Mycenaeans. 1. Settled in Greece about 2000 B.C.; dominated Greece from about 1600 B.C.-1100 B.C.

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Ancient Greece

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  1. Ancient Greece

  2. I. Early Civilizations A. Minoans • 1. Lived on Crete; built palace in Knossus • 2. 2000 B.C. – 1400 B.C.; traders throughout Mediterranean

  3. B. Mycenaeans • 1. Settled in Greece about 2000 B.C.; dominated Greece from about 1600 B.C.-1100 B.C. • 2. Learned from the Minoans – writing system and artistic design • 3. southern Greece; fortified cities

  4. C. Trojan War • 1. @ 1250 B.C. – Mycenaeans attack city of Troy(trading city in Anatolia) • 2. Wanted control of trade routes from Mediterranean Sea to Black Sea?? • 3. War lasted 10 years; Myceneans win (Trojan Horse) • 4. The Illiad and The Odyssey – oral history of the wars eventually written by Homer • 5. Trojan prince kidnap the wife of a Greek king??

  5. D. The Dark Age of Greece – Dorian Period • 1. After Trojan War, Greece conquered by Dorians • 2. Many skills, including writing, were lost – learned history by word of mouth; epics important • 3. Many fled; this is when the Greeks adopted the Phoenician alphabet

  6. II. The Greek City-States • A. Geography • 1. “lived around the seas” because it is made up of a peninsula & many islands • 2. Mountainous, very little farmland (1/4 of land) a. since mountains divided land, they developed into smaller independent communities • 3. Being close to the seas helped with resource shortages – access to regions with resources - depended on trade and fishing for survival • 4. City-states grew independent of each other; various gods, cultures

  7. B. Athens *democracy* • 1. Named for Athena, goddess of wisdom • 2. Trade linked Athens to other cultures & ideas • 3. Solon – leader who made democratic reforms; let all Athenian citizens participate in the assembly • 4. Cliesthenes – 507 B.C. – created Athenian legislature/Council of Five Hundred

  8. ….more Athens • 5. Athenian Citizenship • a. considered a right and a privilege • b. At 18, free men took an oath to defend the city and its gods • c. Served two years of military training • d. Education very important; free discussion • e. Sports and gymnastics encouraged • 6. Women – no rights; lived in seclusion; married man selected by parents • 7.Helots – peasants forces to stay on the land they worked (…Sparta) • 8. Religion – polytheistic; 12 gods; main god – Zeus

  9. 9. Government • a. Polis – independent city-state; main political unit of ancient Greece1. Advantages: small; easy to control; centralized2. Disadvantages: little territory; many nearby rivals; greater chance for conflict • b. Acropolis – highest point in city-state; location of temple and meeting place for citizens • c. Phalanx – military formation that required many soldiers with spears and shields • 10. Athenian democracy vs. American democracy • Athens: only adult male property owners could participate; citizens govern • America: participation is open to all over 18; elected representatives govern

  10. C. Sparta *military* • 1. Built a strong army to stop revolts within city • 2. Ruled by a monarchy; no individual rights • 3. Military dominated way of life; controlled everyone’s life from birth to death • 4. Sickly babies left to die; military training for boys began at age 7 • 5. Women expected to have boys for the army; loyal to husband, Sparta

  11. III. A Century of Wars • A. The Persian Wars • 1. Persian Empire led by Cyrus, largest in world • 2. Greek city-states in Asia Minor (Lydia) revolt; Athens helps • 3. Persia attacks Athens, other city-states come to defense • 4. Persians (led by Darius) defeated at the Battle of Marathon • 5. Athens builds a strong Navy for trade and defense • 6. Xerxes – leads final Persian attack; defeated; Greeks win Persian Wars • 7. Athens gains power and prestige and used it to dominate other city-states

  12. B. The Golden Age of Athens • 1. Time period after Persian Wars; Athens leads Greek culture and politics • 2. Time of classical art, drama, and philosophers • 3. Delian League – formed by Greek city-states in Delos; defense alliance • 4. Pericles – elected king of Athens; promoted arts and learning • 5. Direct Democracy – all Athenian citizens could vote and attend assembly

  13. C. The Peloponnesian Wars • 1. Wars between Athens and other city-states, led by Sparta • 2. Athens won sea battles, Sparta on land • 3. Wars last 27 years; Sparta wins final battle in Sicily • 4. Athens remains cultural center; loses political power

  14. IV. Spread of Greek Civilization • A. King Phillip of Macedonia (just north of Greece) • 1. Admired Greeks; set out to conquer Greek world • 2. Greek city-states did not join forces; weak from Peloponnesian wars; well trained Macedonian army • 3. Defeated Athens and Thebes • 4. Bigger goal: conquer Persia – died before he could do so

  15. B. Alexander the Great • 1. Phillip’s son; took over empire at 20 • 2. Taught by Aristotle; admired Greek culture • 3. Conquered Persia, Asia Minor, and Egypt; makes Babylon capital • 4. Began marching towards India but his army mutinied • 5. Died at age 32; spread Greek culture from Indus River to Nile in the South

  16. C. Hellenistic Civilization • 1. Established by Alexander to unite his empire • 2. Mixture of Greek, Persian, Indian, and Egyptian cultures • 3. Alexandria, Egypt is center of empire - ***LIBRARY , LIGHTHOUSE, & MUSEUM • 4. Trade in Alexandria leads to cultural syncretism (diversity)

  17. …Hellenistic civilization continued • 5. Advances • a. blood circulation in body • b. surgery • c. Earth is round, revolves around the sun, and computed its diameter • d. Euclid – studies are basis for modern geometry • e. Hippocrates – studied medicine • f. Pythagoras – mathematical theories • g. Ptolemy – Earth is center of universe • h. Archimedes – value of Pi

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