Ancient Greece

1. Ancient Greece Achievements and Significant People Chapter 4

2. Plato Greek Achievements • The Big Idea • Ancient Greeks made lasting contributions in the arts, philosophy, and science. • Main Ideas • The Greeks made great contributions to the arts. • The teachings of Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle are the basis of modern philosophy. • In science, the Greeks made key discoveries in math, medicine, and engineering. Aristotle Socrates

3. Greek Achievements • The ancient Greeks made contributions in many fields of learning & developed new innovations because: • The Greeks emphasized education & the pursuit of knowledge • Many Greeks could afford to support academies & centers of learning • Greece’s location along the Mediterranean Sea allowed for trade, the spread of diverse ideas, & the ability to build on achievements from other parts of the ancient world

4. Greek Art • Why do you think that these and other Greek statutes are considered to be works of art? • Why nude?

5. Greek sculpture is admired for its realism and details. The Arts : Statues • Greeks were master artists. • Greek sculpture was innovative by showing realism & human movement • They paid attention to fine detail. • They studied the human body. • Greek artists tried to show “ideal human beauty” which often was represented by nude sculptures Statues were made of stone or marble.

6. The Arts : Paintings • Greek paintings are also admired for their detail. • Many of the painted scenes show athletics or scenes from myths. • Scenes were usually done in red and black.

7. Aeschylus and Sophocles were among the best tragedy writers. The Arts : Writing • Greeks created drama and historical writing. • Their writing was a large source of entertainment. • They performed tragedies and comedies, writing about wars and bringing light to them. • The Greeks were the first to write about history. Aristophanes was a famous comedy writer.

8. Greek Literature & Drama • Examine the images: • How does the seating arrangement in theater make it easy for the audience to see & hear what is happening? Theaters were built that were open-air and built in a way that everyone in the audience could hear and see the action.

9. Architecture Here we see historical buildings along the waterfront in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The buildings in the upper left corner, which sits on a hill, is the Philadelphia Museum of Art.  What ancient Greek achievements in the field of architecture are shown in this modern image?

10. The Arts : Architecture • The Greeks were among the most talented architects of the ancient world • The Greeks took great care in designing their buildings. • They wanted their buildings to be a reflection of their city. The pillars of the Greek temples appear perfectly straight. Greeks understood that in order for pillars to appear to be straight, they needed to actually be wider in the middle.

11. Inside the Parthenon stood a statue of Athena. The Parthenon The Parthenon, made of marble, was built by Pericles for Athena, the protector of Athens TheParthenon has 46 columns. Once a year, the people of Athens held a festival in honor of Athena.

12. Socrates Plato Philosophy • People began to question gods as the reason for life being the way it was. • These people who questioned life were called philosophers. • Philosophers believed in the power of the human mind the think and explain. Aristotle

13. Socrates • Socrates believed people should never stop looking for knowledge. • He thought people must think for themselves to understand truth • He was a teacher who taught people to ask questions of life. • Developed the Socratic Method -- Questioning • He taught students to challenge accepted values in Greece. • He frustrated many and was accused of questioning the gods and corrupting youth. • For questioning the gods, he was condemned to death. “There is only one good, knowledge; and one evil, ignorance.“—Socrates

14. The Republic discussed the ideal society based on justice and fairness. Plato • Plato was Socrates’ student. • Plato also taught along with being a philosopher. • Plato had a famous school for philosophers and scientists to come and discuss ideas. • Plato wrote a famous philosophy work, The Republic. He believed philosophers should rule because only they understood what was best.

15. Greeks concluded that the sun was larger than earth. • While they debated if the sun or the earth was the center of the universe, the astronomer Ptolemythought that the earth was the center and this would be believed for 14 centuries. • The Greeks were able to determine earth’s true size.

16. Aristotle was against greed but felt like you shouldn’t give away everything you own. Aristotle • He believed in moderation, or finding a balance in life. • He believed moderation was based on reason, or clear and ordered thinking. • He believed people should think about the actions before doing them and predict how they will affect others. Aristotle was a master at logic, the process of making inferences. For example, if you know Socrates lived in Athens, and Athens is in Greece, Socrates must live in Greece and possibly be Athenian.

17. The study of flat shapes and lines is called Euclidean geometry. Math in Ancient Greece With math, the Greeks were able to measure the size of Earth. • Some Greeks spent their lives studying math. • Euclid (YOO-kluhd): many geometry rules we study today come from his studies. Hypatia (hy-PAY-shuh) was another famous, Greek Mathematician. She devoted her life to teaching her findings to others.

18. Greek Engineering • The Greek scientist Archimedes used engineering to design levers to lift heavy objects as well as a large screw that pumped water from the ground. • Archimedes also invented war machines with reflective metals that used the sun’s heat to burn ships and catapults that threw

19. Medicine • Greeks also studied medicine. • They studied the human body and how it worked. • They tried to cure diseases and keep people healthy. • Hippocrates (hip-AHK-ruh-teez) was a great Greek doctor who studied what caused disease. Today, Hippocrates is known for his ideas about how doctors should behave. When doctors graduate medical school, the recite the Hippocratic oath. “I swear by Apollo, the healer, and I take to witness all the gods…the following Oath: I will prescribe regimens for the good of my patients according to my ability and my judgment and never do harm to anyone.” —Excerpt from the Hippocratic Oath

20. Greek Democracy • The foundation for our democratic republic began in Athens with their development of direct democracy. • Athenian citizens participated in government decisions by voting. • A council would propose laws and then all men over 18 years that wanted to could vote. The approved ideas would become laws.