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Farm Management

Farm Management. Chapter 8 Economic Principles  Choosing Input and Output Combinations. Chapter Outline. Input Combinations Enterprise Combinations. Chapter Objectives. To explain the use of substitution in economics and decision making

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Farm Management

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  1. Farm Management Chapter 8 Economic Principles  Choosing Input and Output Combinations

  2. Chapter Outline • Input Combinations • Enterprise Combinations

  3. Chapter Objectives • To explain the use of substitution in economics and decision making • To demonstrate how to compute a substitution ratio and a price ratio for two inputs • To use the input substitution and price ratios to find the least-cost combination of two inputs • To describe the characteristics of competitive, supplementary, and complementary enterprises • To show the use of the output substitution and price ratios to find the profit-maximizing combination of two enterprises

  4. Input Combinations Most products require two or more inputs, and the manager may choose the input combination or ratio to use. The economic question is whether one input can be substituted for another to reduce the cost.

  5. Types of Input Substitution • Constant rate (perfect substitution) • Decreasing rate • No substitution

  6. Figure 8-1Three possible types of substitution

  7. Input Substitution Ratio Input substitution ratio = amount of input replaced amount of input added

  8. Input Price Ratio Input price ratio = price of input being added price of input being replaced

  9. Decision Rule input substitution ratio = input price ratio If they cannot be exactly equal because of the choices available in the table, get as close as possible without letting the price ratio exceed the substitution ratio.

  10. Table 8-1 Selecting a Least-Cost Feed Ration grain at 4.4¢ and hay at 3.0¢

  11. With Different Types of Substitution • With a constant rate of substitution, the least-cost combination will be all of one input and none of the other (unless the price ratio is exactly equal to the constant rate of substitution). • With a decreasing rate of substitution, the least-cost combination will usually include some of each input.

  12. Enterprise Combinations Another decision that must be made is the combination of enterprises to produce to maximize profits. If one or more inputs is limited, there is an upper limit on how much can be produced.

  13. Enterprise Relationships The first step in determining the profit-maximizing combination of enterprises is to determine the physical relationship among the enterprises.

  14. Types of Relationships • Competitive: output of one enterprise cannot be increased unless output of the other decreases • Supplementary: more output from one enterprise can be added without a change in the level of the other enterprise • Complementary: as output of one enterprise increases, output of the other increases also

  15. Competitive Enterprises Competitive enterprises may have constant substitution or increasing substitution.

  16. Figure 8-2 Production Possibility Curves for Competitive Enterprises

  17. Figure 8-3 Supplementary & complementary enterprise relationships

  18. Output Substitution Ratio Output Substitution Ratio = quantity of output lost quantity of output gained

  19. Output Price Ratio Output Price Ratio = price of output gained price of output lost

  20. Decision Rule output substitution ratio = output price ratio If no available combination makes these exactly equal, get as close as possible without letting the price ratio drop below the substitution ratio.

  21. Table 8-2Profit-Maximizing Enterprise Combination corn at $2.80/bu, wheat at $4.00/bu

  22. Summary This chapter emphasizes the use of substitution principles to decide how and what to produce. To decide how to produce, the manager finds the least-cost combination of inputs. To decide what to produce, the manager finds the profit-maximizing combination of enterprises.

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