1 / 73

Foundational Terms and Concepts

Foundational Terms and Concepts. Anatomy and Physiology of Human Movement 420:050. Outline. Introduction Terminology Planes and Axes Movements Osteology Arthrology. Introduction. Road Map Terminology Critical concepts Planes and axes Joint movements Arthrology (osteology)

braudt
Download Presentation

Foundational Terms and Concepts

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript


  1. Foundational Terms and Concepts Anatomy and Physiology of Human Movement 420:050

  2. Outline • Introduction • Terminology • Planes and Axes • Movements • Osteology • Arthrology

  3. Introduction • Road Map • Terminology • Critical concepts • Planes and axes • Joint movements • Arthrology (osteology) • Muscle structure and function • Basic biomechanics • Joint systems • Upper body – shoulder girdle, shoulder joint, elbow complex, wrist and hand joints • Lower body – pelvic girlde, hip joint, knee joint, ankle and foot joints • Trunk

  4. Outline • Introduction • Terminology • Planes and Axes • Movements • Osteology • Arthrology

  5. Reference positions • Basis from which to describe joint movements • Anatomical position • Fundamental position • Anatomical position • Standing in an upright posture, feet parallel and close, palms forward • Fundamental position • Same with palms facing the body

  6. Anatomical Directional Terminology • Anterior • In front in relation to another structure • Posterior • In back in relation to another structure • Inferior (infra) • Below in relation to another structure • Superior (supra) • Above in relation to another structure • Distal • Situated away from the center or midline of the body • Proximal • Nearest the trunk or the point of origin • Lateral • On or to the side • Medial • Relating to the middle or center From Van De Graaff KM: Human anatomy, ed 6, New York, 2002, McGraw-Hill

  7. Anatomical Directional Terminology • Contralateral • Pertaining to the opposite side • Ipsilateral • On the same side • Bilateral • Relating to the right and left sides of the body • Deep • Beneath or below the surface • Superficial • Near the surface • Prone • stomach lying • Supine • lying on the back

  8. Body Regions • Axial • Cephalic (Head) • Cervical (Neck) • Trunk (Thoracic and Lumbar) • Appendicular • Upper limbs • Lower limbs

  9. Outline • Introduction • Terminology • Planes and Axes • Osteology • Arthrology • Movements

  10. Planes of Motion • Imaginary two-dimensional surface through which a limb or body segment is moved • Motion through a plane revolves around an axis • There is a ninety-degree relationship between a plane of motion & its axis

  11. Cardinal Planes of Motion • Sagittal Plane • Frontal Plane • Transverse Plane Modified from Booher JM, Thibodeau GA: Athletic injury assessment, ed 4, New York, 2000, McGraw-Hill

  12. Cardinal Planes of Motion • Sagittal Plane • Divides body into equal, bilateral segments • Bisects body into 2 equal symmetrical halves or a right & left half • Movements? Modified from Booher JM, Thibodeau GA: Athletic injury assessment, ed 4, New York, 2000, McGraw-Hill

  13. Cardinal Planes of Motion • Frontal Plane • Divides the body into (front) anterior & (back) posterior halves • Movements? Modified from Booher JM, Thibodeau GA: Athletic injury assessment, ed 4, New York, 2000, McGraw-Hill

  14. Cardinal Planes of Motion • Transverse Plane • Divides body into (top) superior & (bottom) inferior halves when the individual is in anatomic position • Movements? Modified from Booher JM, Thibodeau GA: Athletic injury assessment, ed 4, New York, 2000, McGraw-Hill

  15. Diagonal Planes of Motion

  16. Axes of Rotation • Two basic types of movement • Linear • Angular • For angular movement to occur in a plane, it must turn or rotate about an axis as referred to previously • The axes are named in relation to their orientation

  17. Axes of Rotation • Mediolateral (ML) Axis • Has same orientation as frontal plane of motion & runs from side to side at a right angle to sagittal plane of motion • Runs medial / lateral • Also known as: • Frontal, Lateral or Coronal Axis Modified from Booher JM, Thibodeau GA: Athletic injury assessment, ed 4, New York, 2000, McGraw-Hill

  18. Axes of Rotation • Anteroposterior (AP) Axis • Has same orientation as sagittal plane of motion & runs from front to back at a right angle to frontal plane of motion • Runs anterior / posterior • Also known as: • Sagittal Axis Modified from Booher JM, Thibodeau GA: Athletic injury assessment, ed 4, New York, 2000, McGraw-Hill

  19. Axes of Rotation • Suprainferior (SI) Axis • Runs straight down through top of head & is at a right angle to transverse plane of motion • Runs superior/ inferior • Also known as: • Long or Vertical Axis Modified from Booher JM, Thibodeau GA: Athletic injury assessment, ed 4, New York, 2000, McGraw-Hill

  20. Axes of Rotation • Diagonal or ObliqueAxis • Also known as the oblique axis • Right angle to the diagonal plane

  21. Outline • Introduction • Terminology • Planes and Axes • Movements • Osteology • Arthrology

  22. Movements • General: • Flexion/Extension • Abduction/Adduction • Circumduction • Internal/External Rotation • Specific: • Ankle • Radioulnar • Shoulder girdle • Spine and pelvic girdle

  23. GENERAL • Flexion • Bending movement that results in a decrease of angle • Extension • Straightening movement that results in an increaseof angle • Joints: • Spine, shoulder, elbow, wrist, fingers, hip, knee, ankle*, toes • Plane and axis?

  24. GENERAL • Abduction • Lateral movement away from midline of trunk • Adduction • Movement medially toward midline • Joints: • Spine*, shoulder, wrist*, fingers, hip, ankle*, toes • Plane and axis?

  25. GENERAL • Horizontal Abduction: • Movement away from the midline while parallel to the ground • Horizontal Adduction: • Movement towards the midline while parallel to the ground • Joints: • Shoulder and hip • Plane and axis?

  26. GENERAL • Circumduction • Circular movement of a limb that delineates an arc or describes a cone • Combination of flexion, extension, abduction, & adduction • Joints: • Spine, shoulder, wrist, fingers, hip, ankle, toes • Planes and axes?

  27. GENERAL • Internal rotation • Rotary movement around longitudinal axis of a bone toward midline of body • External rotation • Rotary movement around longitudinal axis of a bone away from midline of body • Joints: • Spine*, shoulder and hip • Plane and axis?

  28. SPECIFIC: ANKLE & FOOT • Inversion • Turning sole of foot inward or medially • Eversion • Turning sole of foot outward or laterally

  29. SPECIFIC: ANKLE & FOOT • Plantar flexion: • Extension movement of ankle that results in foot moving away from body • Dorsal flexion (dorsiflexion): • Flexion movement of ankle that results in top of foot moving toward anterior tibia bone

  30. SPECIFIC: RADIOULNAR JOINT • Pronation • Internally rotating radius where it lies diagonally across ulna, resulting in palm-down position of forearm • Supination • Externally rotating radius where it lies parallel to ulna, resulting in palm-up position of forearm

  31. SPECIFIC: SHOULDER GIRDLE • Elevation • Superior movement of shoulder girdle • Depression • Inferior movement of shoulder girdle

  32. SPECIFIC: SHOULDER GIRDLE • Protraction • Forward movement of shoulder girdle away from spine • Abduction of the scapula • Retraction • Backward movement of shoulder girdle toward spine • Adduction of the scapula

  33. SPECIFIC: SHOULDER GIRDLE • Rotation upward • Rotary movement of scapula with inferior angle of scapula moving laterally & upward • Rotation downward • Rotary movement of scapula with inferior angle of scapula moving medially & downward

  34. SPECIFIC: SPINE AND PELVIS • Lateral flexion (side bending) • Movement of head and / or trunk laterally away from midline • Abduction of spine • Reduction • Return of spinal column to anatomic position from lateral flexion • Adduction of spine

  35. SPECIFIC: SPINE AND PELVIS • Anterior pelvic tilt • Iliac crest forward • Posterior pelvic tilt • Iliac crest backward • Plane and axis?

  36. SPECIFIC: WRIST & HAND • Radial flexion (radial deviation) • Abduction movement at wrist of thumb side of hand toward forearm • Ulnar flexion (ulnar deviation) • Adduction movement at wrist of little finger side of hand toward forearm

  37. SPECIFIC: WRIST & HAND • Opposition of the thumb • Diagonal movement of thumb across palmar surface of hand to make contact with the hand and/or fingers

  38. Outline • Introduction • Terminology • Planes and Axes • Movements • Osteology • Arthrology

  39. Skeletal System Modified from Van De Graaff KM: Human anatomy, ed 6, New York, 2002, McGraw-Hill

  40. Osteology – Interesting Facts • 206 bones • Axial skeleton: 80 bones • Appendicular: 126 bones • Composed of calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, collagen, & water • 60-70% of bone weight - calcium carbonate & calcium phosphate • 25-30% of bone weight – water • ~1/5th of the skeleton replaces itself in one year in young adults

  41. Skeletal Functions • Protection of inner organs, brain, spinal cord etc. • Support to maintain posture • Movement by serving as points of attachment for muscles and acting as levers • Mineral storage such as calcium & phosphorus • Hemopoiesis – in vertebral bodies, femur, humerus, ribs, & sternum • process of blood cell formation in the red bone marrow

  42. Types of bones • Long bones - humerus, fibula • Short bones - carpals, tarsals • Flat bones - skull, scapula • Irregular bones - pelvis, ear ossicles • Sesamoid bones - patella

  43. Types of Bones • Long bones • Composed of a long cylindrical shaft with relatively wide, protruding ends • Shaft contains the medullary canal • Ex. Phalanges, metatarsals, metacarpals, tibia, fibula, femur, radius, ulna, & humerus • Function: Levers

  44. Types of Bones • Short bones • Small, cubical shaped, solid bones that usually have a proportionally large articular surface in order to articulate with more than one bone • Ex. Carpals & tarsals • Function: Shock absorption

  45. Types of Bones • Flat bones • Usually have a curved surface & vary from thick where tendons attach to very thin • Ex. ilium, ribs, sternum, clavicle, & scapula • Function: Protection, large surface area for muscle/tendon attachment

  46. Types of Bones • Irregular bones • Include bones throughout entire spine & ischium, pubis, & maxilla • Function: Varies • Sesamoid bones • Patella, flexor tendon of thumb and big toe • Function: Improvement of mechanical advantage

  47. Typical Bony Features • Diaphysis – long cylindrical shaft • Cortex - hard, dense compact bone forming walls of diaphysis • Periosteum - dense, fibrous membrane covering outer surface of diaphysis • Endosteum - fibrous membrane that lines the inside of the cortex • Medullary (marrow) cavity – between walls of diaphysis, containing yellow or fatty marrow From Shier D, Butler J, Lewis R: Hole’s human anatomy & physiology, ed 9, New York, 2002, McGraw-Hill.

  48. Typical Bony Features • Epiphysis – ends of long bones formed from cancelleous (spongy or trabecular) bone • Epiphyseal plate - (growth plate) thin cartilage plate separates diaphysis & epiphyses • Articular (hyaline) cartilage – covering the epiphysis to provide cushioning effect & reduce friction Modified from Van De Graaff KM: Human anatomy, ed 6, New York, 2002, McGraw-Hill.

  49. Bone Growth • Grow rapidly into structures shaped similar to the bones which they will eventually become • Growth continues and gradually undergoes significant change to develop into long bone • Longitudinal growth continues as long as epiphyseal plates are open • Shortly after adolescence, plates disappear & close • Most close by age 18, but some may be present until 25 • Growth in diameter continues throughout life

More Related