Chapter 4 Key Terms & Questions

1. Chapter 4 Key Terms & Questions NM TM EB KP

2. Vocab • Punic wars - 3 wars from 264-146 BCE between Rome and the Phoenician city of Carthage • Alexander the Great – Successor of Philip II, attempted to combine Greek and Persian cultures • Julius Caesar – Roman general responsible for conquering Gual, brought army back to Rome and overthrew Republic

3. Sparta – was the leading city state along with Athens, strong military aristocracy dominating a slave population • Peloponnesian Wars – Wars between Sparta and Athens for control of Greece. Macedonian king Phillip II won and expanded his empire through his son Alexander • Hannibal – Carthaginain General who used pack laden Elephants • Cyrus the great–Established a massive Persian empire by 550 • Zoroastrianism- The new Religion that the Persians developed

4. Persian Wars- Conflicts between Greek city-states and the Persian Empire • Constantine- Roman emperor in 313 who used Christianity to unite Rome under one religion • Plato, Aristotle, Socrates- Three Greek philosophers Plato- proposed the ideal form of government Socrates- Plato’s tutor, urged rational reflections of moral decisions but was later condemned to death Aristotle- Teacher of Alexander the Great, knowledge based on observation of phenomena in material world. • Iliad & Odessey- Two Greek epic poems written by Homer, defined the gods and human nature that shaped Greek mythos

5. Cicero & Vergil- Cicero- Conservative Roman senator; one of the great orators of his day; killed in reaction to assassination of Julius Caesar Vergil- Roman poet who worked in the epic form , seeking to link roman history and mythology with the Greek forerunner. Carthage- A Phoenician colony in northern Africa; became a major port and commercial power in the western Mediterranean; fought the Punic Wars with Rome for dominance of western Mediterranean.

6. The Hellenistic period was when Greek art and culture was adopted into other Middle Easter forms which allowed the Greek culture to be immortalized though the civilization of the Hellenes as they were known then, leading to the name, would eventually cease to exist. The diffusion of the Mediterranean culture ensured that many aspects of their society were carried on and that their ideas would live on much longer. Both the Roman Empire and Han China were the dominant powers in their respective regions of the world in the first to third centuries AD Both had a sense of inferiority of the rest of the world Both traded throughout the empire Both allowed local autonomy while paying homage to the empire Both were agricultural based civilizations Rome was better known for its military conquests; China for its bureaucracy and civil service tests Both granted more rights to women than others, but Roman women had more than China

7. 3) The Greek & Roman religions were based upon a complex set of gods and goddesses (that looked like and acted human) • Separate models of morals and ethics developed to teach the importance of moderation and balance in human behavior in Greece and Rome (Aristotle, Cicero, etc.) • Hinduism has no single founder and thus has been more flexible to accommodating different beliefs. 4) Classical India invented many new uses for chemistry, and very good steel but their main focus was still agriculture. China had an accurate calendar born of advanced astronomy, and improved agricultural tools and they were focused on social structure and philosophy more than anything else. The Mediterranean was concerned with the politics of things, from conquest to government and discovered much through their emphasis on rational thought like geometry and philosophy.

8. 5) Greek philosophy tends to be Mythic. Chinese philosophy strives for stability: natural flow of universe & the written law. 6) The Mediterranean has made many contributions to western civilization. They affected our fine arts, government, sports, medics, astronomy, and philosophies. The Medditeranian has had a very profound impact on the way people live nowadays.