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Pathophysiology

Pathophysiology. Objectives. Discuss the importance of homeostasis Discuss the concepts of pathophysiology Outline the phases of acute inflammation Discuss the body’s systemic response to inflammation. Homeostasis. The body attempt to maintain balance or equilibrium

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Pathophysiology

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  1. Pathophysiology

  2. Objectives • Discuss the importance of homeostasis • Discuss the concepts of pathophysiology • Outline the phases of acute inflammation • Discuss the body’s systemic response to inflammation

  3. Homeostasis • The body attempt to maintain balance or equilibrium • These mechanisms restore • Fluid • Chemical • Energy balance • Happens in all cells, tissues, organs and systems of the body

  4. Homeostasis • The process of shock occurs due to the body’s attempt to maintain homeostasis

  5. Homeostasis • Example • Sever bleeding can cause loss of blood volume • Body attempts to maintain blood flow to vital organs • Peripheral vasoconstriction • Pale, clammy skin • Decrease blood volume produces: • Low blood pressure • To maintain blood flow to vital organs the body • Increases heart rate (tachycardia)

  6. Pathophysiology • The physiology of disease • Patho- means disease • Cellular mechanics of disease and their consequences

  7. Pathophysiology • Disease/injury damages one or more: Cell structures Impairment of tissues Impairment of organ function Effects the associated systems

  8. Pathophysiology • Cell damage initiates a response to try to • Limit the disease process • Initiate cell repair • Restore homeostasis

  9. Pathophysiology • When damaged, cells either adapt or die • Cell adaptation • Atrophy: decrease in size • Hypertrophy: increase in size • Hyperplasia: increase in number of cells • Metaplasia: damage cells replace with different cells (ex: scar tissue) • Dysplasia: normal tissue replaced by abnormal cells (DNA flaws, neoplasms, tumors)

  10. Pathophysiology • All cells respond to injury/disease with inflammation (infection) • Local: bee sting • Systemic: flu

  11. Acute Inflammation Damaged cells release histamine, bradykinin, & prostalandin These chemicals cause local vasodilation and increased cellular permeability Increase blood flow to area & allows proteins and plasma to seep into the interstitial fluids The proteins interact with fibrin to form platelet plug & clot at damaged site

  12. Acute Inflammation The chemicals released earlier now attract leukocytes from the blood Phagocytes Engulf and digest cellular debris The proteins interact with fibrin to form platelet plug and clot at damaged site

  13. Acute Inflammation The excess interstitial fluid causes an increase in tissue pressure relative to capillary pressure Vasoconstriction Ischemia to normal healthy cells Leads to increased cell damage (secondary hypoxic injury)

  14. Acute Inflammation • These processes produce the classic signs & symptoms of inflammation • Redness • Pain • Warmth • Swelling • Loss of function • Acute phase last approx. 48-72 hours • Depends on person • Severity of injury • What the person does to help the injury

  15. Chronic Inflammation • Very destructive to cells • Usually have greater production of scar tissue • Symptoms are similar but with less intensity

  16. Questions ???

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