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Do Now – ENTER AT LEVEL 0

Do Now – ENTER AT LEVEL 0. Pull out your notes. Do Now will appear on the board. You have 5 minutes to complete this sheet. Please write all answers in decimal form. No challenge question. If you finish early, study at level 0. Trade and grade!!. Find a pen of different ink.

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Do Now – ENTER AT LEVEL 0

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  1. Do Now – ENTER AT LEVEL 0 • Pull out your notes. • Do Now will appear on the board. • You have 5 minutes to complete this sheet. • Please write all answers in decimal form. • No challenge question. If you finish early, study at level 0.

  2. Trade and grade!! • Find a pen of different ink. • Trade with a neighbor. • Write your name at the bottom.

  3. History and Research Quiz • There are multiple forms and they vary per period. Thus, your quiz will not match your neighbor’s or students in any other period. • There are Content multiple choice questions, Content free response questions, and AP multiple choice question. • The multiple choice questions are numbered and the numbers match those on your bubble sheets. • The free response questions are not numbered, but you still need to answer them on your QUIZ - NOT your bubble sheet. • Yes, the AP Questions are also part of the grade.Do your best. Feel good about it. • 15 multiple choice. 3 free response. 25 minutes.

  4. Hypothesis Testing, Samplingand Controls (the finer points in experimentation) Today, I will be able to… Describe how research design drives the reasonable conclusions that can be drawn. Put together everything you have learned about research design.

  5. Agenda • Do Now • History and Approaches Quiz • ONWARDS! With Research Methods • Research Methods Quiz, Wednesday 9/17 • Prep for Ethics Debate, Thurs & Fri 9/12-13 • Homework • Watch Khan Academy • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-FtlH4svqx4 • AP Supplemental Text

  6. Statistics Descriptive Statistics Inferential Statistics Hypothesis Testing P-Value • Central Tendency • Mean • Median • Mode • Variance/Deviation • Range • Standard Deviation • Correlation • Positive/Negative • Correlation Coefficient

  7. Statistics Descriptive Statistics Inferential Statistics Hypothesis Testing P-Value • Central Tendency • Mean • Median • Mode • Variance/Deviation • Range • Standard Deviation • Correlation • Positive/Negative • Correlation Coefficient

  8. Ms. Mosier, where are we going with this statistical stuff? • The proof is in the puddingScientific Method! • Figure out your research question. • What is your Independent Variable? • What is your Dependent Variable? • How will you test your research question? • Descriptive Research • Case Study • Naturalistic Observation • Survey • Correlational Research • Investigate the relationships among variables • Experimental Research • Manipulate and control variables with the purpose of finding a causal relationship

  9. Ms. Mosier, where are we going with this statistical stuff? • Consider the ethics of your study. • If it is unethical, can it be modified? • Conduct experiment and collect data • Analyze Data • If it is descriptive research, it may not be used to infer causality. Correlational studies may follow from these. Relationships may be determined after psychologists “Code” data. • Graph individual data points on a scatterplot and find its Correlation Coefficient. • Perform Hypothesis Testing with Normal Distribution to determine if your relationships are significant.

  10. Hypothesis Testing • Remember that you cannot PROVE, only DISPROVE? • You will have two hypotheses. • H0: Null Hypothesis, assumes x does NOT affect y • H1: Alternate Hypothesis, assumes x DOES affect y • If you DISPROVE your Null Hypothesis, you default to your Alternate Hypothesis. • Thus, if your Null Hypothesis is LESS LIKELY, you can assume your data for the Alternate Hypothesis is significant.

  11. Practice with Scientific Method • A social psychologist investigates the impact of group size on subjects’ conformity in response to group pressure. • A researcher is interested in how heart rate and blood pressure are affected by viewing a violent film sequence as opposed to a nonviolent film sequence. • A researcher wants to find out how stimulus complexity and stimulus contrast (light/dark variation) affect infants’ attention to stimuli. He manipulates stimulus complexity and stimulus contrast and measure how long infants stare at various stimuli.

  12. Practice with Scientific Method You want to conduct a study to see what are the common causes of hair loss in men. • What would be your Independent Variable? • What would be your Dependent Variable? • Just for class, let’s assume we’re measuring stress on hair loss. As a Control for other factors, we will record demographic information (race, marital status, income, education, etc.), diet, hormone levels, etc. You decide that it is inhumane to isolate men and subject them to marriage, stress, dietary and hormonal changes. • What kind of research could you do?

  13. Practice with Hypothesis Testing You decide to conduct experiments on hamsters to observe if there is a relationship between stress and weight loss. You cannot control for how the mice will react to the stress, but you will record that information in notes. Otherwise, you will record weight loss on a weekly basis. • IV? DV? Controls? • What is your Null Hypothesis (H0)? • Stress and Weight Loss are NOT correlated. • What is your Alternate Hypothesis (H1)? • Stress and Weight Loss ARE correlated. • How will we know if stress is actually related to weight loss?

  14. Practice with Hypothesis Testing A neurologist is testing the effect of a drug on response time by injecting 100 rats with a unit dose of the drug, subjecting each to neurological stimulus, and recording its response time. The neurologist knows that the mean response time for rats not injected with the drug is 1.2 seconds. The mean of the 100 injected rats’ response times is 1.05 seconds with a sample standard deviation of 0.5 seconds. Do you think that the drug has an effect on response time?

  15. Practice with Hypothesis Testing A neurologist is testing the effect of a drug on response time by injecting 100 rats with a unit dose of the drug, subjecting each to neurological stimulus, and recording its response time. The neurologist knows that the mean response time for rats not injected with the drug is 1.2 seconds. The mean of the 100 injected rats’ response times is 1.05 seconds with a sample standard deviation of 0.05 seconds. Do you think that the drug has an effect on response time? H0: Drug has NO effect. Mean of injected rats = Mean of rats not injected H1: Drug HAS an effect. Mean of injected rats ≠ Mean of rats not injected

  16. Practice with Hypothesis Testing H0: Drug has NO effect. Mean of injected rats = Mean of rats not injected H1: Drug HAS an effect. Mean of injected rats ≠ Mean of rats not injected 1.05 In Khan Academy, he uses a z-test to convert his sample into a normal distribution. YOU DO NOT NEED TO WATCH THE MATH PORTION OF THE VIDEO. After hypotheses, skip to p-values. P = 0.003 Significant? -1 +1 1.00 1.10 This means H0 is unlikely. -2 +2 0.95 1.15 -3 +3 0.90 1.20

  17. Basic Terminology • Population: All the cases in a group being studied, from which samples may be drawn. • Sample: Group of subjects selected from a larger population of subjects, usually selected randomly. • Experimental Group: In an experiment, the group that is exposed to thetreatment, that is, to one version ofthe independent variable. • Control Group:In an experiment, thegroup that is NOT exposed to thetreatment; serves as a comparison forevaluating the effect of the treatment. Population Sample Control Group Experimental Group

  18. Variables (Review) • Independent Variable • The variable that is varied or manipulated by the researcher to assess its effect on participants’ behavior. • Manipulations for behavioral research • Stimuli • Instructions • Events • Scenarios • Dependent Variable • The response measured in a study, typically a measure of participants’ thoughts, feelings, behavior, or physiological reaction. • Measurements for behavioral research • Observation • Physiological • Self-report • Archival (text)

  19. Defining Variables for Research Conceptual Operational Defining a construct by specifying precisely how it is measured or manipulated. Ex: IQ as tested by the Stanford-Binet test. It is not enough to say “I’m going to test IQ.” • An abstract, dictionary-type definition. • Ex: IQ is the intelligence of an individual.

  20. Additional Variables Controls Confounding Variable Any variable besides the independent variable that could affect the results of an experiment. Ex: Income can affect Test Scores, but so can Age and Level of Education. • Counterbalancing: Control for order effects • Single-Blind: Subject is not aware of assignment • Double-Blind: No one is aware of assignment • Random selection

  21. Exit Ticket • From last week: How do psychologists use case studies, naturalistic observation, and surveys to observe and describe behavior? • What are positive and negative correlations, and why do they enable prediction but not cause-effect explanation? • What are the characteristics of experimentation that make it possible to isolate cause and effect?

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