Assessment of Student Progress in Reading and Writing

1. Assessment of Student Progress in Reading and Writing Tompkins-Chapter 3 5th edition

2. READING LEVELS INDEPENDENT- CAN READ ON OWN WITH 95-100% ACCURACY INSTRUCTIONAL-CAN READ WITH SUPPORT WITH 90-94% ACCURACY FRUSTRATION-TOO DIFFICULT LISTENTING CAPACITY-POTENTIAL READING LEVEL

3. READABILITY FORMULAS Method of estimating the difficulty of text or reading level of a text Determined by correlating semantic and syntactic features Leveled Books, FRYE Readability Graph, Lexile Framework

4. The Lexile Framework(available through Scholastic) System for leveling books (or matching books to readers) Lexile levels range from 100-1300 Ex. 6th grade = 850-1300

5. Fry Readability Graph Readability Formula Used to determine if a textbook or trade book is appropriate for a particular grade level See p. 307 for instructions Select 100 word passage Count # of syllables in each word Count # of sentences in the passage Plot on graph

6. Reading Recovery Early intervention program for struggling readers at the end of the first grade Goal to get them on grade level by 3rd grade Reading Recovery reading levels = 0-26

7. Informal Assessment Used to guide instruction Sometimes is an instructional tool (the assessment is the instruction) Not high-stakes

8. Concepts about Print or CAPMarie Clay Assessment of Basic understandings about print and the way it works Book-Orientation concepts Directionality concepts Letter/word concepts (See p. 302 for example of Scoring Sheet)

9. Phonemic Awareness and Phonics Monitor sound isolation, segmentation, blending, etc. through picture sorts, songs, rhyming words DIBELS (nonsense word fluency) The Names Test (Cunningham)

10. Running Records(Marie Clay) To assess word identification and fluency Students read text aloud while teachers make checkmarks noting the words read correctly and the miscues Calculate # of words read correctly (95 %= independent, 90-94%= instructional, and fewer than 90%= frustration level Examine miscues Examine comprehension through retelling

11. Miscue Analysis  Miscues= unexpected responses Includes substitutions, repetitions, omissions, mispronunciation Categorize according to cueing systems: semantic (meaning is similar) graphophonic (looks similar) syntactic (grammatically acceptable)

12. Informal Reading Inventory (IRI) Commercial tests to assess reading levels (grade level equivalents) Includes graded word lists, graded passages, and comprehension questions Used to calculate independent, instructional, and frustrations levels

13. Retellings Students retell a story or expository text after reading the text silently or aloud Student retell story without assistance and then the teacher may ask open ended questions (What happened next?) Teachers analyze retelling for comprehension

14. Cloze Procedure Used to: Determine suitability of a textbook or trade book and/or Access comprehension

15. Cloze Procedure Select a passage of approximately 250 consecutive words from the text or trade book. The text should be one that the students have not read, or tried to read, before. Type the passage using the first sentence intact and deleting every fifth word thereafter. Give students the passage and have them fill in the blanks. Allow them all of the time they need.

16. Scoring Cloze Tests Score by counting as correct only the exact words that were in the original text. Determine the percentage of correct answers. Less than 44%- Frustration Level (level that is too difficult�thwarts or baffles student) 44%-57%- Instructional Level (level at which the student can read with teacher guidance) 57% or more- Independent level (level to be read �on his or her own�)

17. Maze Procedure Similar to cloze procedure Students are provided with 3 choices for each deleted word (or each blank) 1) correct word 2) syntactically acceptable but semantically unacceptable 3) both semantically unacceptable and syntactically unacceptable

18. Authentic Assessment Takes place during the teaching/learning process Does not measure language as a set of fragmented skills Oral and written language are integrated and whole Contextual/situational Assesses many types of literacy abilities in real and functional ways Continuous process Varied process Should include student�s interests and beliefs Involves self-reflection and self-evaluation

19. Observation Interaction Shadowing-following one student and systematically recording the student�s instructional experiences Kidwatching-Ken Goodman Teachers explore: 1) What evidence exists that language development is occurring? 2) What does the child�s unexpected production say about the child�s knowledge of language? Anecdotal records- written accounts of specific incidents in the classroom

20. Monitoring Student Progress Observations Anecdotal Notes Conferences Rubrics Work Samples Portfolios Self-Assessment (Also See Assessment Tools p. 85)

21. Standardized Tests Mandated tests Schools and districts use scores for comparing student achievement with previous years Comparing with national norms and other districts

22. Purposes To place and classify students To provide accountability To determine who needs extra help or enrichment To create groups Standardized tests often fail to reflect current views of teaching reading and are of little use to teachers day-to-day instruction

23. Formal Assessment-Norm Referenced Norm-referenced- measure a student�s relative standing in relation to comparable groups of students across the nation or locally Authors seek reliability and validity so that schools can be confident that the tests measure what they intend to measure Results in standard scores�grade equivalents (in years and months) and percentile ranks (position within a set of 100 scores)

24. Criterion-Referenced Scores are interpreted in terms of specific standards Designed to match the standards or expectations of what students should know at successive points, or benchmarks Advantage: Students do not compete with one another, but try to master certain objectives or criterion Disadvantage: Reading can appear to be merely a set of skills that can be taught and learned in isolation