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grammatical gender unrelated to biological sex

grammatical gender unrelated to biological sex. Masculine: rivers, winds, months and mountains. endings in - us , - er , - or Feminine: cities, countries, plants, trees and most abstract qualtities. endings in - a , - as , - do , - io Neuter: endings in - um , - men , - e , - al , - ar.

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grammatical gender unrelated to biological sex

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  1. grammatical genderunrelated to biological sex • Masculine: rivers, winds, months and mountains. endings in -us, -er, -or • Feminine: cities, countries, plants, trees and most abstract qualtities. endings in -a, -as, - do, -io • Neuter: endings in -um, -men, -e, -al, -ar

  2. order versus ending • In English: by the order of words in a sentence • The girl looks at the bull. • The bull looks at the girl. • In Latin: by the endings of the nouns: • Puella taurum videt. • Puellam taurus videt.

  3. Genitive case - “of”possession • possesion: the book of the teacher • (liber magistri) • modification: a boy of ten years • (puer decemannorum) • objective genitive: his hatred of me • (odium mei)

  4. Dative case - “to”,”for” indirect object • The boy gives a present to his mother. (The boy gives his mother a present.) • Puer matri donum dat. • Mark did a favour for me. (Mark did me a favour.) • Marcus mihi gratum fecit.

  5. Accusative case - “through” direct object of a sentenceobject of a preposition • The god loves the girl. • Deus puellam amat. • The bear wandered through the forest. • Ursa per silvam errabat.

  6. Ablative case • object of a preposition (situation, agent, means) • The tree is in front of the temple. [Arbor est pro templo.] • The food is touched by the king. [Cibus a rege tangitur.] • ablative absolute • The Minotaur having been killed, Theseus left the island. (After the Minotaur had been killed, Theseus left the island.) [Minotauro necato, Theseus ab insula discessit.]

  7. reference material • Norma Goldman and Ladislas Szymanski: English Grammar for Students of Latin, The Olivia and Hill Press, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 1993.

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