America's Imperial Expansion: Alaska and Hawaii

1. CHAPTER 18 AMERICA CLAIMS AN EMPIRE

2. Objectives1. The learner will understand how individuals and events moved the United States into the role of a world power and to recognize the effects of economic policies on U.S. diplomacy.2. The learner will explain the economic and cultural factors that fueled the growth of American imperialism.3. The learner will describe how the United States acquired Alaska.4. The learner will summarize how the United States took over the Hawaiian islands. State Standards 7.4 Identify the causes of American involvement in World War I (i.e., security concerns, economic benefits, Wilsonian diplomacy, propaganda). 8.3 Recognize the definitions of totalitarianism, fascism, communism, nationalism, and anti-Semitism.

3. One American’s Story A PERSONAL VOICE QUEEN LILIUOKALANI “ I, Liliuokalani, . . . do hereby solemnly protest against any and all acts done against myself and the constitutional government of the Hawaiian Kingdom. . . . Now, to avoid any collision of armed forces and perhaps the loss of life, I do under this protest . . . yield my authority until such time as the Government of the United States shall . . . undo the action of its representatives and reinstate me in the authority which I claim as the constitutional sovereign of the Hawaiian Islands.” quoted in Those Kings and Queens of Old Hawaii In 1891, Queen Liliuokalani becomes Hawaii’s queen and proposes a new constitution. Queen Liliuokalani surrendered Hawaii to the United States in 1893.

4. IMPERIALISM AND AMERICA Throughout the 19th century America expanded control of the continent to the Pacific Ocean By 1880, many American leaders felt the U.S. should join European nations and establish colonies overseas Thus began America’s foray into Imperialism- the policy in which stronger nations extend control over weaker nations An anti-imperialist be quoted as saying, “It is not necessary to own people to trade with them.”

5. Section 1 Imperialism and America Imperialism – the policy of extending a nation’s authority over other countries by economic, political, or military means. NEXT

6. WHY IMPERIALISM? 1) Desire for Military strength –Admiral Alfred T. Mahan urges U.S. to build up navy to compete U.S. builds modern battleships, becomes third largest naval power 2) Thirst for new markets– to spur economy& trade The rapid growth of industry in the United States helped fuel imperialism because the United States was producing too many goods for its own people to buy. 3) Belief in Cultural Superiority– a belief that Anglo-Saxons were superior Thirst for new economic markets, desire for military strength, a belief in the cultural superiority of the Anglo-Saxon culture stimulated U.S. imperialism. Japan, Spain, the United States were imperialist powers in the late 1800’s. In 1890, urged by such leaders as U.S. Navy admiral Alfred T. Mahan, the United States constructs many new battleships, transforming the nation into the world’s third largest naval power.

7. THE U.S. ACQUIRES ALASKA • In 1867, Secretary of State William Steward arranged for the United States to buy Alaska from the Russians for $7.2 million • Some thought it was a silly idea and called it “Steward’s Icebox” • Time has shown how smart it was to buy Alaska for 2 cents an acre • Alaska is rich in timber, minerals and oil Alaska

8. U.S. TAKES HAWAII Hawaii had been economically important to Americans for centuries To avoid import taxes (tariffs), sugar growers pleaded for annexation In 1890, The McKinley Tariff causes a crisis by threatening Hawaiian sugar growers with economic disaster. In 1887, U.S. military and economic leaders pressure Hawaii to allow the United States to build a naval base at Pearl Harbor. In 1887, white business leaders force King Kalakaua to change Hawaii’s constitution to grant voting rights only to wealthy landowners.

9. U.S. TAKES HAWAII Led by Sanford Dole, American annexed Hawaii in 1898 and it formally became a state in 1959 In 1893, with aid of the U.S. ambassador, white business groups overthrow the Hawaiian government and establish a provisional government with Sanford B. Dole as President. In 1894, President Grover Cleveland formally recognizes the Republic of Hawaii. In 1897, William McKinley who favors the annexation of Hawaii takes over the presidency from Cleveland. In 1898, Congress proclaims Hawaii an American territory.

10. Section 1 Imperialism and America Imperialism – the policy of extending a nation’s authority over other countries by economic, political, or military means. NEXT

11. Objectives1. The learner will understand how individuals and events moved the United States into the role of a world power and to recognize the effects of economic policies on U.S. diplomacy.2. The learner will contrast American opinions regarding the Cuban revolt against Spain.3. The learner will identify events that escalated the conflict between the United States and Spain.4. The learner will trace the course of the Spanish-American War and it results. State Standards 7.2 Recognize European countries by their alliance systems and spheres of influence by using a map.

12. SECTION 2: THE SPANISH AMERICAN WAR • America had long held an interest in Cuba • When Cubans unsuccessfully rebelled against Spanish rule in the late 19th century, American sympathy went out to the Cuban people • After Spain abolished slavery in Cuba in 1886, Americans invested millions in Cuban sugar Cuba is just 90 miles south of Florida

13. CUBA’S SECOND WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE • Anti-Spain sentiment in Cuba soon erupted into a second war for independence • Led by poet Jose Marti, Cuba attempted a revolution in 1895 • Jose Marti was a Cuban poet and journalist that launched a Cuban revolution in 1895. • Marti deliberately destroyed property, including American sugar plants, hoping to provoke American intervention • Jose Marti, a Cuban poet and journalist in exile in New York, organized a guerrilla campaign to destroy American-owned property in Cuba in order to provoke U.S. intervention in Cuba. Marti

14. WAR FEVER ESCALATES • General Valeriano Weyler forced Cubans to relocated to reconcentration camps where thousands of them died. • Yellow journalism is a sensational style of writing that exaggerates the news to lure readers. • Newspaper publishers William Randolph Hearst(New York Journal) and Joseph Pulitzer(New York World) exaggerated Spanish atrocities and brutality in “Headline Wars” • William Randolph Hearst told the artist Frederic Remington, “You furnish the pictures and I’ll furnish the war”. Political cartoon: Pulitzer (left) and Hearst escalating and instigating war between the U.S. and Spain

15. Section 2 The Spanish-American War Yellow journalism – the use of sensationalized and exaggerated reporting by newspapers or magazines to attract readers.

16. De Lome Letter • Headlines increase American sympathy for independent Cuba • McKinley wants to avoid war, tries diplomacy to resolve crisis • The De Lome letter’s criticism of the American president caused American resentment toward Spain to turn to outrage. • Private letter by Spanish minister Enrique Dupuy de Lôme published • calls McKinley weak, swayed by public • Criticisms of President McKinley was included in the de Lome letter. • Spain apologizes, de Lôme resigns; American public angry

17. U.S.S MAINE EXPLODES • Early in 1888, President McKinley ordered theU.S.S. Maine to Cuba in order to bring home American citizens in danger • On February 15, 1898 the ship blew up in the harbor of Havana • More than 260 men were killed Before After

18. Section 2 The Spanish-American War Yellow journalism – the use of sensationalized and exaggerated reporting by newspapers or magazines to attract readers. U.S.S. Maine – a U.S. warship that mysteriously exploded and sank in the harbor of Havana, Cuba, on February 15, 1898.

19. The Maine Explodes Unknown artist , 1898 Notice the men flying dramatically through the air

20. WAR ERUPTS WITH SPAIN • There was no holding back those that wanted war with Spain • Newspapers blamed the Spanish for bombing the U.S.S. Maine (recent investigations have shown it was a fire inside the Maine) • The mysterious sinking of the U.S.S. Maine fueled the movement for war with Spain. • “Remember the Maine!” became a rallying cry for U.S. intervention in Cuba

21. THE WAR IN THE PHILIPPINES • U.S. forces surprised Spain by attacking the Spanish colonyof thePhilippines • 11,000 Americans joined forces with Filipino rebel leader Emilo Aguinaldo • By August, 1898 Spain had surrendered to the U.S. in Manila • George Dewey was the naval commander who led the American forces that steamed into Manila Bay and destroyed the Spanish fleet.

22. THE WAR IN THE CARIBBEAN • A naval blockadeof Cuba was followed by a land invasion highlighted by Roosevelt’s Rough Rider victory at San Juan Hill • The Rough Riders were a volunteer cavalry unit who fought in a famous land battle near Santiago, Cuba. • Theodore Roosevelt was declared the hero of San Juan Hill, even though he and his units played only a minor role in its capture. • Next, the American Navy destroyed the Spanish fleet and paved the way for an invasion of Puerto Rico (Spanish colony)

23. Section 2 The Spanish-American War Yellow journalism – the use of sensationalized and exaggerated reporting by newspapers or magazines to attract readers. U.S.S. Maine – a U.S. warship that mysteriously exploded and sank in the harbor of Havana, Cuba, on February 15, 1898. Rough Riders – a volunteer cavalry regiment, commanded by Leonard Wood and Theodore Roosevelt, that served in the Spanish-American War.

25. U.S. WINS; SIGNS TREATY OF PARIS • The U.S. and Spain signed an armistice on August 12, 1898, ending what Secretary of State John Hay called “a splendid little war” • The war lasted only 16 weeks • Spanish-American War ended with the Treaty of Paris of 1898. • The Treaty of Paris of 1898 guaranteed independence from Spain for Cuba. • Cubawas nowindependent • U.S. receives Guam, Puerto Rico, and “bought” the Philippines for $20 million • After the war, the United States paid 20 million dollars to Spain for the annexation of the Philippine Islands. • Cuba, Puerto Rico, the Philippines came under some form of U.S. control as a result of the Spanish-American War. Treaty of Paris, 1898

26. Section 2 The Spanish-American War Yellow journalism – the use of sensationalized and exaggerated reporting by newspapers or magazines to attract readers. U.S.S. Maine – a U.S. warship that mysteriously exploded and sank in the harbor of Havana, Cuba, on February 15, 1898. Rough Riders – a volunteer cavalry regiment, commanded by Leonard Wood and Theodore Roosevelt, that served in the Spanish-American War. Treaty of Paris (1898) – the treaty ending the Spanish American War, in which Spain freed Cuba, turned over the islands of Guam and Puerto Rico to the United States, and sold the Philippines to the United States for $20 million.

27. Section 2 The Spanish-American War Yellow journalism – the use of sensationalized and exaggerated reporting by newspapers or magazines to attract readers. U.S.S. Maine – a U.S. warship that mysteriously exploded and sank in the harbor of Havana, Cuba, on February 15, 1898. Rough Riders – a volunteer cavalry regiment, commanded by Leonard Wood and Theodore Roosevelt, that served in the Spanish-American War. Treaty of Paris (1898) – the treaty ending the Spanish American War, in which Spain freed Cuba, turned over the islands of Guam and Puerto Rico to the United States, and sold the Philippines to the United States for $20 million.

28. Objectives1. The learner will understand how individuals and events moved the United States into the role of a world power and to recognize the effects of economic policies on U.S. diplomacy.2. The learner will describe U.S. involvement in Puerto Rico and in Cuba.3. The learner will identify causes and effects of the Philippine-American War.4. The learner will summarize the views regarding U.S. imperialism. State Standards 7.9 Compare and contrast the philosophies of DuBois, Washington and Garvey.

29. SECTION 3: ACQUIRING NEW LANDS • The U.S had to decide how to rule the new lands • Puerto Rico wanted their independence– but the U.S. had other plans • Luis Munoz Rivera was a newspaper editor and supporter of independence for Puerto Rico. • Puerto Rico was important to the U.S. strategically

30. Return to Civil Government • Puerto Rico strategic as post in Caribbean, for protection of future canal • 1900, Foraker Act sets up civil government • president appoints governor, upper house • Puerto Rico was directly affected by the Foraker Act. • The purpose of the Foraker Act was to end military rule and setup a civil government in Puerto Rico. • Puerto Rico residents became citizens of the United States in 1917; elect both houses.

31. Section 3 Acquiring New Lands Foraker Act – legislation passed by Congress in 1900, in which the U.S. ended military rule in Puerto Rico and set up a civil government.

32. CUBA AND THE UNITED STATES • The Treaty of Paris granted full independence to Cuba • The U.S signed an agreement with Cuba known as the Platt Amendment 1903 • Key features of “Platt” included the right of the U.S. to maintain naval stations on the island and the right to intervene in Cuban affairs • Cuba had become a “protectorate” of the U.S. • The Platt Amendment made the U.S. a protectorate of Cuba. • The United States insisted that Cuba include The Platt Amendment in its constitution. • The United States would not withdraw its Army from Cuba until that country adopted the Platt Amendment. Guantanamo Bay, Cuba

33. Section 3 Acquiring New Lands Foraker Act – legislation passed by Congress in 1900, in which the U.S. ended military rule in Puerto Rico and set up a civil government. Platt Amendment – a series of provisions that, in 1901, the United States insisted Cuba add to its new constitution, commanding Cuba to stay out of debt and giving the United States the right to intervene in the country and the right to buy or lease Cuban land for naval and fueling stations. Protectorate – a country whose affairs are partially controlled by a stronger power.

34. FILIPINOS REBEL • Filipinos reacted with rage to the American annexation • Rebel leaderEmilio Aguinaldo vowed to fight for freedom and in 1899 he led a rebellion • Emilio Aguinaldo fought for independence for the Philippines • The 3-year war claimed 20,000 Filipino rebels, 4,000 American lives and $400,000,000 (20x the price the U.S. paid for the land) • The Philippines attempted to achieve its independence by going to war against the United States. • During the Philippine-American War the United States treated Filipinos in much the same way the Spanish had treated the Cubans. • The United States used the same sort of concentration camp practices that it had condemned Spain for using in Cuba against the Philippines. U.S. troops fire on rebels

35. FOREIGN INFLUENCE IN CHINA Foreign nations were opening the door to China’s trade • China was a vast potential market for American products • Weakened by war and foreign intervention, many European countries had colonized in China • In 1889, John Hay, U.S. Secretary of State, issued the Open Door Policy which outlined his plan for free trade among nations in China • China was the focus of John Hay’s “Open Door Notes”. • The Open Door Policy was designed as a way for the United States to further its trade interests • At the turn of the century, China could be described as an independent, though bullied, trading partner of the United States.

36. Section 3 Acquiring New Lands Foraker Act – legislation passed by Congress in 1900, in which the U.S. ended military rule in Puerto Rico and set up a civil government. Platt Amendment – a series of provisions that, in 1901, the United States insisted Cuba add to its new constitution, commanding Cuba to stay out of debt and giving the United States the right to intervene in the country and the right to buy or lease Cuban land for naval and fueling stations. Protectorate – a country whose affairs are partially controlled by a stronger power. Open Door Notes – messages sent by Secretary of State John Hay in 1899 to Germany, Russia, Great Britain, France, Italy, and Japan, asking the countries not to interfere with U.S. trading rights in China.

37. BOXER REBELLION • European nations dominated China’s cities • Resentment arose in the form of secret societies determined to rid China of these “foreign devils” • The Boxer’s were a secret group that rioted in 1900, killing and vandalizing all things foreign • Foreign Troops were called in to put down this “Boxer Rebellion” • The Boxer Rebellion took place China. • The Boxer Rebellion was an attempt by Chinese revolutionaries to remove foreign influence from China.

38. Section 3 Acquiring New Lands Foraker Act – legislation passed by Congress in 1900, in which the U.S. ended military rule in Puerto Rico and set up a civil government. Platt Amendment – a series of provisions that, in 1901, the United States insisted Cuba add to its new constitution, commanding Cuba to stay out of debt and giving the United States the right to intervene in the country and the right to buy or lease Cuban land for naval and fueling stations. Protectorate – a country whose affairs are partially controlled by a stronger power. Open Door Notes – messages sent by Secretary of State John Hay in 1899 to Germany, Russia, Great Britain, France, Italy, and Japan, asking the countries not to interfere with U.S. trading rights in China. Boxer Rebellion – a 1900 rebellion in which members of a Chinese secret society sought to free their country from Western influence.

39. AMERICANS PROTECT RIGHTS IN ASIA • After the Boxer Rebellion, John Hay again issued a series of Open Door Policies • These policies reflected American beliefs in the importance of exports, the right of America to intervene to keep foreign markets open, and the belief that America’s survival depended on access to foreign markets

40. Section 3 Acquiring New Lands Foraker Act – legislation passed by Congress in 1900, in which the U.S. ended military rule in Puerto Rico and set up a civil government. Platt Amendment – a series of provisions that, in 1901, the United States insisted Cuba add to its new constitution, commanding Cuba to stay out of debt and giving the United States the right to intervene in the country and the right to buy or lease Cuban land for naval and fueling stations. Protectorate – a country whose affairs are partially controlled by a stronger power. Open Door Notes – messages sent by Secretary of State John Hay in 1899 to Germany, Russia, Great Britain, France, Italy, and Japan, asking the countries not to interfere with U.S. trading rights in China. Boxer Rebellion – a 1900 rebellion in which members of a Chinese secret society sought to free their country from Western influence.

41. Objectives1. The learner will understand how individuals and events moved the United States into the role of a world power and to recognize the effects of economic policies on U.S. diplomacy.2. The learner will explain how Theodore Roosevelt’s foreign policy promoted American power around the world.3. The learner will describe how Woodrow Wilson’s missionary diplomacy ensured U.S. dominance in Latin America. State Standards 7.4 Identify the causes of American involvement in World War I (i.e., security concerns, economic benefits, Wilsonian diplomacy, propaganda). 7.7 Determine the possible factors that led to the economic collapse of 1929 (i.e., over production of agriculture and industry, expansion of credit, financial speculation, agricultural crop failures, tariff barriers, laissez- faire). 7.10 Analyze the American isolationist position versus interventionist arguments. 8.1 Identify the causes of World War II (i.e., Treaty of Versailles, fascism, failure of the League of Nations, Japanese imperialism, economic worldwide difficulties).

42. SECTION 4: AMERICA AS A WORLD POWER • Roosevelt the Peacemaker • Roosevelt does not want Europeans to control world economy, politics • 1904, Japan, Russia dispute control of Korea • The Russo-Japanese war was the conflict the U.S. military had to get involved in. • Roosevelt negotiates Treaty of Portsmouth: • Japan gets Manchuria, Korea • Theodore Roosevelt won the 1906 Nobel Peace Price for negotiating an end to war between Russia and Japan. • U.S., Japan continue diplomatic talks • pledge to respect each other’s possessions The Nobel Peace Prize is awarded annually

43. THE PANAMA CANAL • U.S. wants canal to cut travel time of commercial, military ships • U.S. buys French company’s route through Panama • The Panama Canal was built during Theodore Roosevelt Presidency. • Negotiates with Colombia to build Panama Canal; talks break down • French company agent helps organize Panamanian rebellion • The United States gained control of the land it needed to build the Panama Canal by encouraging and supporting Panamanian independence. • U.S., Panama sign treaty; U.S. pays $10 million for Canal Zone • The Panama Canal was built on land that had previously been controlled by Colombia. “The shortcut”

44. Section 4 America as a World Power Panama Canal – an artificial waterway cut through the Isthmus of Panama to provide a shortcut between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, opened in 1914.

45. BUILDING THE PANAMA CANAL 1904-1914 • The French had already unsuccessfully attempted to build a canal through Panama • America first had to help Panama win their independence from Colombia – which it did • The construction of the Panama Canal ranks as one of the world’s greatest engineering feats. Cost- $380 million Workers– Over 40,000 (5,600 died) Time – Construction took 10 years

46. This view, provided by NASA, shows the thin blue line (canal) cutting across the middle of Panama

47. Almost 1,000,000 ships have passed through the canal, which became sole property of Panama in the year 2000

48. The Roosevelt Corollary • Teddy Roosevelt’s approach to foreign policy reflected the proverb “Speak softly and carry a big stick” because his negotiations were always backed by the threat of military force. • Roosevelt fears European intervention if Latin America defaults • Reminds Europeans of Monroe Doctrine, demands they stay out • Roosevelt Corollary—U. S. to use force to protect economic interests • The Roosevelt Corollary was also known as “big stick” diplomacy, and was the official American policy stating that disorder in Latin America could force the United States to send its military into Latin American nations to protect American economic interests. • The Roosevelt Corollary built on the Monroe Doctrine.

49. Section 4 America as a World Power Panama Canal – an artificial waterway cut through the Isthmus of Panama to provide a shortcut between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, opened in 1914. Roosevelt Corollary – an extension of the Monroe Doctrine, announced by President Theodore Roosevelt in 1904, under which the United States claimed the right to protect its economic interests by means of military intervention in the affairs of Western Hemisphere nations.

50. Dollar Diplomacy • Early 1900s, U.S. exercises police power on several occasions • Dollar diplomacy—U.S. guarantees foreign loans by U.S. business • Dollar Diplomacy refers to the policy of using the U.S. government to guarantee loans made to foreign countries by American business people.