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Western Empire at 395 AD

Western Empire at 395 AD. Roman Empire 476. Eastern Empire - Constantinople. Western Empire - Rome. Roman Empire 565 AD. Ends of the Earth. Romans. Barbarians. Vikings. Saracens. 0. 400. 800. 1200. 1600. 2000. Five Epochs of Mission History.

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Western Empire at 395 AD

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  1. Western Empire at 395 AD

  2. Roman Empire 476 Eastern Empire - Constantinople Western Empire - Rome

  3. Roman Empire 565 AD

  4. Ends of the Earth Romans Barbarians Vikings Saracens 0 400 800 1200 1600 2000 Five Epochs of Mission History

  5. History of Missions: Part 2Dark Ages – A.D. 500 – 1517 This stage of development brought the Church in general through its lowest level in history where darkness, ignorance, superstition and mysticism ruled the day.

  6. Medieval Missionary Expansion (A.D. 500-1200) • Nestorian expansion to the east • Nestorius, deposed bishop of Alexandria, held a weaker view of the two natures of Christ than RCC; also against rising Mariolatry and “Mother of God” • Spread east to India, where they became known as Mar Thoma church (apostle Thomas?) • Entered China by 635 AD but lasted only a few hundred years in China – imperial decree prohibiting monasteries, which was targeted at Buddhists, closed them as well

  7. With the defeat of the Vikings by Alfred the Great in 878 missionaries began to head to Scandinavia to evangelize. 250 years later it was considered “Christian” Columba (521-597) evangelized mainland and set up monasteries Columban (543-615) and 12-man team set up Celtic monasteries Boniface felled the sacred oak dedicated to Thor then built a chapel with its wood! Boniface, Apostle to the Germans (672-755) commissioned by Rome to evangelize and organize churches Celtic tradition (Easter and penance) ruled the islands until destroyed by Viking and Saxon raids when Romans abandoned Britannia in 410 Roman tradition leaders were appointed by Pope Christianization of Europe Scotland Ireland England

  8. Saxony After 30 years War Saxons finally conquered and forcibly Christianized Beginnings of the Holy Roman Empire Papal States Charlemagne conqueres Lombardy Christian Empire of Charlemagne (742-814) Charlemagne crowned Emperor in 800 by Pope

  9. “Christianizing” of Europe • Eastern Europe • The Byzantine Christianity was not evangelistic, but two brothers Cyril and Methodius (827-869) were sent to Moravia (Czech Rep) • Reduced vernacular language to writing and translated Bible • Western church persecuted use of vernacular language, so fled to Bulgaria – became foundation for John Hus • When the King of Bulgaria, Boris, was converted, it opened the door for Slavic evangelism, esp. Russia and Poland • By 1200 all of Europe was “Christianized” thanks to conversions of kings and heroic missionary efforts • However, this is Nominal Christianity, not biblical Christianity

  10. Holy Roman Empire of Otto the Great (962-973) Papal states Holy Roman Empire Otto the Great 962-973 In spite of losses to Islam Christianity continued to gain ground. Tribes in East and North were baptized The rulers of the Bulgars, Slavs, Moravians, Bohemians, Poles, Magyars and Verangians were won with mass baptisms of their people.

  11. Tours 732 677-701 Attack Constantinople repeatedly from 674 to fall in 1453 Saragossa 712 Toledo 711 Baghdad 638 650 Damascus 644 682Islam reached the Atlantic 641 643 Egypt Medina It would take 700 years to eject them from Spain! Confrontation with Islam

  12. French and German nobles respond to challenge Clarmont Constantinople 1095 – Pope Urban II calls for crusade to free Holy Lands from Muslim control 1199 4th Crusade: French nobles install pro-western (Latin) emperor in Constantinople In 1204 ravage city to secure Latin control -- but weakened for later fall to Muslims Division of Easter and Western Church Crusades 1095 – Byzantine Emperor Alexis I appeals to West for military support against Turks 1078 – Turks take Jerusalem and stop Christian pilgrims 1099 – Crusaders siege city and massacre Muslim and Jewish inhabitants There would be a total of 8 Crusades until 1270, then Constantinople fell in 1453

  13. Empire of Genghis Khan 1167-1227 Empire from China to Middle East 1243 1219-23 1260-1300 1259-60 1219-23 Mongolian attack on Islam 12-15th Cent Crusade Kingdom

  14. Khubilai Khan asked for teachers of science and religion Marco Polo’s Journeys 1271-1295 Mongolia and Marco Polo In 1368 the Mongols were overthrown by the Ming dynasty and China became closed to foreigners Polo’s book Book of Experiences was popular motivating many to go.

  15. Fleeing Mongol onslaught they transport plagues with great caravans 1350 Late 1349 Late 1348 Constantinople Early 1347 Early 1348 Late 1347 Spread of the Black Death Est. 50% of pop. killed by plague!

  16. 1505-26 1529-1683 Fall of Constantinople 1453 1459 1463 1478 1458 1565 Defeated 1571 1669 The Muslim Offensive in Europe 1453-1683

  17. Roman Catholic Missions • The efforts to convert by intimidation and coercion failed • Francis of Assisi (1182-1226) made 3 attempts to reach the Muslims but none successful • Raymond Lull (1235-1315), a wealthy nobleman, encouraged a confrontational approach; opened a training center for Franciscan monks; made 3 trips to N. Africa only to be imprisoned or banished and finally stoned to death by Muslims. • Catholic missions arose out of explorations of Catholic countries to Asia, Africa and New World—Priests followed the conquistadors with coercive tactics of the Inquisition

  18. Francis Xavier (1506-1552) Jesuit, most famous in Malay and Japan. Converts in Japan said to number over 500,000 until 1614, when politics changed: All foreigners forced to leave and converts were to recant or die For 230 years Japan was a hermit nation, sealed off from rest of world Spanish colonization of Philippines brought 2 million converts! French colonization of French Indochina (Viet Nam) met with huge success In Africa every effort met with failure! Only modern Catholic missions here have been successful More Catholic Missions

  19. Availability of the Bible • Only Bibles were Latin, as vernacular languages were prohibited • Seldom ever a complete Bible (large, 2-3 volumes, expensive, rare). • Most of the population was illiterate • Bible truths, stories communicated by: • Book illuminations • Dramas • Stained glass • Sculptures • Mosaics • Frescos and Paintings • Icons • In France, The Acts of the Apostles, included 494 speaking parts, 61,908 lines of rhymed verse and 40 days to perform! • Books were done on parchment or on vellum (made from skins of young sheep) and lettered, gilded and illuminated by hand. A whole Bible could take 400 animals and years of work by a score of scribes and artists. A Bible could cost as much as a new church building!

  20. Pre-Reformation Evangelicals • Host of persecuted Christian groups operated independently of RCC • Most records of these Evangelicals have been lost, destroyed, repressed or misrepresented • Only “heresy” was their commitment to worship and evangelize according to the Scriptures • Paulicians (700-1000) saw the RCC as apostate, opposed the magical view of sacraments, etc • Others were Peter Waldo (Waldenses), Bohemian Brethren, Albigenses, John Wycliffe (Lollards), John Hus (Hussites), Taborites, Brethren of the Common Life, etc. • Millions were killed for refusing to bow to Rome!

  21. Lollards were followers of John Wycliffe, Oxford professor, translated Bible into English and taught as the only valid authority Jon Huss, executed in 1415, taught Bible in Bohemian language, and allegiance to the Bible forgiveness, not paying for indulgenances. Followers were beheaded for repeating his teachings and he was burned at the stake Paulicians or Bogomils were dualists, high regard for Bible, no validity to sacraments, no veneration to Mary, baptism for adults Albigenses, associate with Bogomils, dualists, ascetics, Oneness theology, Jesus was a ghost Waldensenians rejected authority of priests, anyone could teach the Bible, it alone was necessary for salvation, rejected purgatory, relics and icons. Went underground when condemned. Persecuted from 13-16th cent Pre Reformation Groups 12-15th Century

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