Introduction

1. Introduction SinceMammal Species of the World(1982), 760 new mammal species have been described, and 400 new mammal species since 1993 alone. These discoveries result from: • recent explorations in remote parts of the world • taxonomic revisions of problematic groups • evaluation of DNA evidence for cryptic species.

2. New Tools • New fossil discoveries • Molecular biology tools • Satellite tracking, radio-tracking, and camera trapping • Computer modeling • Patient observation • Interdisciplinary approaches

3. Classification Binomial Scientific Name Common Name Lepus californicus (blacktail jackrabbit) Genus = Lepus Species = californicus May also recognize Subspecies – Lepus californicus deserticola

4. Species “Species are groups of actually or potentially interbreeding natural populations, which are reproductively isolated from other such groups.” E. Mayr 1942 Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Order Lagomorpha Family Leporidae Genus Lepus Species Lepus californicus Subspecies Lepus californicus deserticola

5. Phylogeny Reconstruction Classification—ordering species into groups and naming the groups Phylogenetics (or cladistics)—developing hypotheses to reconstruct the evolutionary history or relatedness among species.

6. Phylogenetic Data Data for creating a phylogenetic hypothesis comes from: • Paleontology • Morphology • Biogeography • Molecular characters • Ecological traits • Behavioral traits

7. Cladogram A branching, tree-like diagram in which: • ends of the branches represent species or taxa • branching points or nodes indicate the point at which species (or taxa) separated from one another to follow their own evolutionary pathways. The data are called characters and usually consist of morphological features or molecules such as DNA or proteins.

8. Molecular and Morphological Data Taxa Sequence data Trait X Trait Y H AAA GCT ACT yes no G AAA GCT ACT yes no F AAA GGT ACT yes no E CAA GGT ACT yes no D CAA GGT ACT yes no C CAA GGT ACG yes yes B CAA GGT ACG yes yes A CAA GGT ACG yes yes

9. Example Cladogram FIGURE 02: A phylogeny of eight taxa A through H based on DNA sequence data and two morphological traits (X and Y)

10. Cladistic Terminology Synapomorphy—a trait shared by two or more taxa and their last common ancestor. Symplesiomorphy—a trait shared by two or more taxa, but which is also shared with other taxa that have an earlier last common ancestor (e.g. an ancestral trait).

11. Terminology Ingroup—the group under study Outgroup—a group or lineage closely related to the group under study

12. Terminology Monophyletic—A group descended from a single ancestral stock. Paraphyletic—A group that includes some but not all of the descendants of a single ancestor. Polyphyletic—A group containing taxa that do not all share the most recent common ancestor.

13. Molecular Clock • Uses rates of molecular change (mutations) calibrated with fossil dates to deduce the time in geologic history when two taxa diverged • Produces phylogenetic hypotheses with estimated divergence dates in millions of years FIGURE 04: Molecular phylogeny of mammals showing estimated divergence times Adapted from Hallström, B.M. and A. Janke, BMC Evolutionary Biology 8 (2008): 1-13.