Chapter Four

1. Chapter Four Society and Social Interaction

2. Society Society is a large grouping that shares the same territory and is subject to the same political authority dominant cultural expectations

3. Types of Societies • Pre-Industrial • Hunters and Gather • Pastoral • Horticulture • Agriculture • Fiefdom

4. Types of Societies • Industrial • Post-Industrial

5. Theories of Society • Durkheim • Mechanical and Organic Solidarity • Anomie • Marx • Alienation • False Consciousness • Weber • Rationalization • Iron Cage

6. Society Society is a large grouping that shares the same territory and is subject to the same political authority dominant cultural expectations

7. Social Structure in the Macro Level Perspective • Social structure is a stable pattern of social relationships that exist within a particular group or society • Structure is provided by status and roles, groups, and social institutions

8. Social Structure in the Macro Level Perspective • social structure creates boundaries that define which persons or groups will be the insiders in which will be the outsiders • social marginality is the state of being part insiders in part outsider in the social structure

9. Social Structure in the Macro Level Perspective • social marginality results in stigmatization • a stigma is any physical or social attribute or sign that shows a person's social identity that disqualifies that person from full social acceptance

10. Components of Social Structure:Status • A status is a socially defines position in a group or society characterized by certain expectations rights and duties • Ascribed status is a social position conferred at birth or received involuntarily later in life • Achieved status is a social position in person assumes involuntarily as a result of personal choice merit or direct effort

11. Status and Mobility • Ascribed statuses have a significant influence on the achieve status as we occupy • Where you end up is predicted by where you start!

12. Status • A master status is the most important status a person occupies • It dominates all of the individual other statuses and is overriding ingredient in determining the persons general social position • Being poor or rich is a master status • Status Symbols

15. Components of Social Structure: Roles • a role is a set of behavioral expectations associated with an any given status • role expectations -- a group's or society's definition of the way a specific roll ought to be played • may sharply contrast to role performance -- -- how a person actually plays a role • role conflict occurs when incompatible world demands are placed on a person by two or more statuses held at the same time

16. Components of Social Structure: Roles • Role strain occurs when incompatible demands are built into a single status that a person occupies • a doctor in a public clinic is responsible for keeping expenditures down and providing high-quality patient care simultaneously • sexual orientation, age, and occupation frequently are associated with role strain • Role exit occurs when people disengage social roles that have been central to their self-identity

18. Components of Social Structure: Groups • The social group consists of two more people who interact frequently and share a common identity and a feeling of interdependence • A primary group is a small or specialized group in which members engage in face-to-face emotion based interactions or extended period of time • family, close friends, and peer groups

19. Components of Social Structure: Groups • a secondary group is a larger more specialized group in which the members engage in more impersonal goal-oriented relationships for a limited period of time • schools, churches, the military, and corporations • a social network is a series of social relationships that link in individual to others • Social Solidarity is the unity that emerges from long term interaction

20. Components of Social Structure: Groups • A formal organization is a highly structured group formed for the purpose of completing certain tasks or achieving specific goals • colleges, corporations, and the government • a social institution is a set of organized beliefs and norms that establish how society will attempt to meet its basic social needs • examples of social institutions include the family, religion, education, the economy, the government, mass media, sports, science and medicine, and the military

21. Components of Social Structure: Groups • Functional theorists emphasize the social institutions exist because they perform five essential tasks • replacing members • teaching new members • producing, distributing, and consuming goods and services • preserving order • providing in maintaining a sense of purpose

22. Components of Social Structure: Groups • Conflict theorists agree that social institutions are organized to meet basic social needs • However, they do not believe that social institutions work for the common good of everyone in society

23. Social Interaction: The Microlevel Perspective • social interaction within a society has a certain share meanings across situations • however everyone does not interpret social interaction rituals and the same way  • the social construction of reality is a process by which our perceptions of reality is shaped largely by the subjective meaning they begin to experience • our definition of the situation can result in a self-fulfilling prophecy • a false belief or prediction that produces behavior that makes the original false belief come true

25. Confusion Over Definitions and Reality

26. Confusion Over Definitions and Reality

27. Social Interaction: The Microlevel Perspective • Dramaturgical analysis is the study of social interaction that compares everyday life to a theatrical presentation • This perspective was initiated by Erving Goffman who suggested that day to date interactions have much in common being onstage or in a dramatic production • Most of us engage in impression management or presentation of self • People's efforts to present themselves to others in ways that are most favorable to their own interest or image

28. Dramaturgical Analysis • Social interaction, like a theater, has a front stage area where a player performs a specific role before an audience • There is a backstage area where a player is not required to perform a specific roles because it is out of view of a given audience

31. Feeling Rules • The sociology of emotions • Arlie Hochschild suggests that we acquire a set of feeling rules which shape the appropriate emotions for a given role or specific situation • emotional labor occurs when employees are required by their employers to feel and display only certain carefully selected emotions • gender, class, and race are related to the expression of emotions necessary to manage one's feelings

32. Non-Verbal Communication • nonverbal communication is the transfer of information between persons without the use of speech • facial expressions, had movements, body positions, and other gestures •  personal space is the immediate area surrounding a person that the person claims his private • age gender kind of relationship and social class are important factors and allocation of personal space • power differentials between people are reflected in personal space and privacy

33. Sociology is cool!! Importance of Nonverbal Communications Words convey thoughts Actions convey feelings

34. Nonverbal Signals Convey • Degree of Liking • Degree of Dominance • Degree of Responsiveness

35. Kinesics--body movement body orientation -- face person facial -- eyes, expressions gestural -- nodding, scratching head postural -- lean toward Types of Nonverbal Communication

36. Proxemics intimate-- 0-18” personal-- 18”-4’ social-- 4-10’ public-- 10-22’ Types of Nonverbal Communication (cont’d)

37. Paralanguage -- use of voice-- same word, different meanings Chronemics -- use of timelate -- not responsible, not organizedearly -- anxious, enthusiastic, excited (15 min) Artifacts -- use of symbols -- (BMW) Types of Nonverbal Communication (cont’d)