伊斯蘭傳播的探討

1. 伊斯蘭傳播的探討 伊斯蘭教的發展可分為以下階段 • 自有人類以來至穆罕默德前的階段 • 穆罕默德聖人傳教階段 (公元610-632) • 四大哈里發階段 • 艾布伯克 (公元632-634) • 歐默 (公元634-644) • 奧斯曼 (公元644-656) • 阿里 (公元656-661) • 翁米亞朝 (公元661-750) • 阿巴斯朝 (公元750-1258) • 奧斯曼帝國 (公元1290-1922) • 近代發展

2. 你們說：我們相信真主和降給我們的啟示，和降給伊布拉謙，伊斯邁義，伊撤克，也谷及其後代的啟示，和賜給穆撤，伊沙的，我們對於他們任何一位不作區別，我們是唯獨服從真主的。你們說：我們相信真主和降給我們的啟示，和降給伊布拉謙，伊斯邁義，伊撤克，也谷及其後代的啟示，和賜給穆撤，伊沙的，我們對於他們任何一位不作區別，我們是唯獨服從真主的。 古蘭經　2:136

3. 穆聖傳教階段： • 希拉山洞接受啟示 • 從麥加遷往麥地那 • 成立伊斯蘭國度 • 公元630年掃除天房的偶像

4. 四大哈里發 軍事以及政治的擴張十分快速，主要原因： 當時波斯和拜占庭兩超級大國 政治腐敗，社會黑暗，民不聊生 穆斯林的軍事擴張被視為解放者，極受歡迎

5. When the Muslim army reached the valley of the Jordan and Abū ‘Ubaydah pitched his camp at Fihl, the Christian inhabitants of the country wrote to the Arabs , Saying : “O Muslim s, we prefer you to the Byzantines, through they are of our own faith, because you keep better faith with us and are more merciful to us and refrain from doing us injustice and your rule over us is better than their s, for they have robbed us of our goods and our homes.” The people of Emessa closed the gates of their city against the army of Heraclius and told the Muslims that they preferred their government and justice to the injustice and oppression of the Greeks. P.55 The Preachings of Islam T.W. ARNOLD

6. 公元七世紀約翰‧尼格雅斯： 在四大哈理發時代，並未強迫人信教，對埃及的基督教堂，採取了保護政策，翁米亞時期，政策更加寬容，埃及基督教徒擔任官吏者比比皆是，尤其是擔任稅官，有一基督教徒艾格納蘇斯‧萊哈威曾擔任相當於現時的外交部長，他還擁有廣大莊園。

7. From the examples given above of the toleration extended towards the Christian Arabs by the victorious Muslims of the first century of the Hijrah and continued by succeeding generations, we may surely infer that those Christian tribes that did embrace Islam, did so of their own choice and freewill. The Christian Arabs of the present day, dwelling in the midst of a Muhammadan population, are a living testimony of this toleration. P.51 The Preachings of Islam T.W. ARNOLD

8. 迅速擴張的因素 • 伊斯蘭主張正義平等的思想 • 拜占庭及波斯不斷的戰爭，人民水深火熱 • 穆斯林軍隊佔領地方，沒有破壞 • 給予宗教信仰自由 • 合理的人丁稅 • 保障人民生活 • 有糾紛時，按照人民原有宗教信仰解決 • 政治軍事的版圖擴張很快，但後來人民才慢慢改信伊 • 斯蘭信仰

9. In view of the toleration this extended to their Christian subjects in the early period of the Muslim rule, the common hypothesis of the sword as the factor of conversion seems hardly satisfactory, and we are compelled to seek for other motives than that of persecution. • P.69 • The Preachings of Islam • T.W. ARNOLD

10. 伊斯蘭能深入民心的因素。 • 信仰簡潔易明 • It brought out the fundamental dogmas of religion─ the unity and greatness of God, that He is merciful and righteous, that He claims obedience to His will, resignation and faith. It proclaimed the responsibility of man, a future life, a day of judgment, and stern retribution to fall upon the wicked; and enforced the duties of prayer, almsgiving, fasting and benevolence. It thrust aside the artificial virtues, the religious frauds and follies, the perverted moral sentiments, and the verbal subtleties of theological disputants. It replaced monkishness by manliness. It gave hope to the slave, brotherhood to mankind, and recognition to the fundamental facts of human natures. • Islam has, moreover, been represented as a reaction against that Byzantine ecclesiasticism. • P.71~72 • The Preachings of Islam • T.W. ARNOLD

11. 伊斯蘭能深入民心的因素。 • 伊斯蘭務實可行。 • 入世，生活，並非逃避責任。 • 個人與群體的平衡。 • 精神與物質並軌發展。 • 今世與後世兩兼顧。

12. 經歷翁米亞朝，阿巴斯朝，奧斯曼帝國， 伊斯蘭政治，軍事，經濟力量由盛轉衰，但信仰仍然有強大生命力。 伊斯蘭擴展到東南亞，中國，歐洲，美洲… 每個地域也許有不同的文化背景，但伊斯蘭皆能紮根發展。

13. 參考書目