Wind Generators

1. Wind Generators

2. Wind Generators • http://apps2.eere.energy.gov/wind/windexchange/filter_detail.asp?itemid=2785

3. Where is the wind?

4. WIND POWER - What is it? • All renewable energy (except tidal and geothermal power), ultimately comes from the sun • The earth receives 1.74 x 1017 watts of power (per hour) from the sun • About one or 2 percent of this energy is converted to wind energy (which is about 50-100 times more than the energy converted to biomass by all plants on earth • Differential heating of the earth’s surface and atmosphere induces vertical and horizontal air currents that are affected by the earth’s rotation and contours of the land  WIND. ~ e.g.: Land Sea Breeze Cycle

5. Winds are influenced by the ground surface at altitudes up to 100 meters. • Wind is slowed by the surface roughness and obstacles. • When dealing with wind energy, we are concerned with surface winds. • A wind turbine obtains its power input by converting the force of the wind into a torque (turning force) acting on the rotor blades. • The amount of energy which the wind transfers to the rotor depends on the density of the air, the rotor area, and the wind speed. • The kinetic energy of a moving body is proportional to its mass (or weight). The kinetic energy in the wind thus depends on the density of the air, i.e. its mass per unit of volume. • In other words, the "heavier" the air, the more energy is received by the turbine. At 15° Celsius air weighs about 1.225 kg per cubic meter, but the density decreases slightly with increasing humidity.

6. What Makes Wind

7. WINDMILL DESIGN • A Windmill captures wind energy and then uses a generator to convert it to electrical energy. • The design of a windmill is an integral part of how efficient it will be. • When designing a windmill, one must decide on the size of the turbine, and the size of the generator.

8. History of Wind Energy 5000 BC Sailboats used on the Nile indicate the power of wind 500-900 AD First windmills developed in Persia 1300 AD First horizontal-axis windmills in Europe 1850s Daniel Halladay and John Burnham build Halladay Windmill; start US Wind Engine Company Late 1880s Thomas O. Perry conducted 5,000 wind experiments; starts Aermotor Company 1888 Charles F. Brush used windmill to generate electricity in Cleveland, OH Early 1900s Windmills in CA pumped saltwater to evaporate ponds 1941 In VT, Grandpa’s Knob turbine supplies power to town during WWII 1979 First wind turbine rated over 1 MW began operating 1985 CA wind capacity exceeded 1,000 MW 1993 US WindPower developed first commercial variable-speed wind turbine 2004 Electricity from wind generation costs 3 to 4.5 cents per kWh 2013 Wind power provided over 17% of renewable energy used in US

9. Why Wind Energy? • Clean, zero emissions - NOx, SO2, CO, CO2 - Air quality, water quality - Climate change • Reduce fossil fuel dependence - Energy independence - Domestic energy—national security • Renewable - No fuel-price volatility

10. A typical 600 kW wind turbine has a rotor diameter of 43-44 meters, i.e. a rotor area of some 1,500 square meters. • The rotor area determines how much energy a wind turbine is able to harvest from the wind. • Since the rotor area increases with the square of the rotor diameter, a turbine which is twice as large will receive 22 = 2 x 2 = four times as much energy. • To be considered a good location for wind energy, an area needs to have average annual wind speeds of at least 12 miles per hour.

11. Renewable Electric Capacity Worldwide The NEED Project 2015 US DOE, EERE 2013 Renewable Energy Data Book

12. US Electricity Generation fromNon-Hydro Renewables

13. Top Wind Power Producing States, 2013 The NEED Project 2015

14. Annual Installed U.S. Wind Power Capacity AWEA U.S. Wind Industry Annual Market Report Year Ending 2013

15. Installed Wind Capacities 1999-Present Total: 61,946 MW As of 6/30/2014 1999 Total: 2,500 MW

16. Top Twenty States for Wind Energy Potential

17. U.S. Wind Resource Map

18. Transmission Challenges

19. Wind Turbines LARGE TURBINES: • Able to deliver electricity at lower cost than smaller turbines, because foundation costs, planning costs, etc. are independent of size. • Well-suited for offshore wind plants. • In areas where it is difficult to find sites, one large turbine on a tall tower uses the wind extremely efficiently.

20. SMALL TURBINES: • Local electrical grids may not be able to handle the large electrical output from a large turbine, so smaller turbines may be more suitable. • High costs for foundations for large turbines may not be economical in some areas. • Landscape considerations

21. Wind Turbines: Number of Blades • Most common design is the three-bladed turbine. The most important reason is the stability of the turbine. A rotor with an odd number of rotor blades (and at least three blades) can be considered to be similar to a disc when calculating the dynamic properties of the machine. • A rotor with an even number of blades will give stability problems for a machine with a stiff structure. The reason is that at the very moment when the uppermost blade bends backwards, because it gets the maximum power from the wind, the lowermost blade passes into the wind shade in front of the tower.

22. Wind Turbine Generators • Wind power generators convert wind energy (mechanical energy) to electrical energy. • The generator is attached at one end to the wind turbine, which provides the mechanical energy. • At the other end, the generator is connected to the electrical grid. • The generator needs to have a cooling system to make sure there is no overheating.

23. SMALL GENERATORS: • Require less force to turn than a larger ones, but give much lower power output. • Less efficient i.e.. If you fit a large wind turbine rotor with a small generator it will be producing electricity during many hours of the year, but it will capture only a small part of the energy content of the wind at high wind speeds. • LARGE GENERATORS: • Very efficient at high wind speeds, but unable to turn at low wind speeds. i.e.. If the generator has larger coils, and/or a stronger internal magnet, it will require more force (mechanical) to start in motion.

24. Other Design Considerations • A windmill built so that it too severely interrupts the airflow through its cross section will reduce the effective wind velocity at its location and divert much of the airflow around itself, thus not extracting the maximum power from the wind. • At the other extreme, a windmill that intercepts a small fraction of the wind passing through its cross section will reduce the wind’s velocity by only a small amount, thus extracting only a small fraction of the power from the wind traversing the windmill disk. • Modern Windmills can attain an efficiency of about 60 % of the theoretical maximum.

25. Power of Wind P/m^2 = 6.1 x 10^-4 v^3 *The power in wind is proportional to the cubic wind speed ( v^3 ). WHY? ~ Kinetic energy of an air mass is proportional to v^2 ~ Amount of air mass moving past a given point is proportional to wind velocity (v)

26. Costs of a Wind Turbine * An extra meter of tower will cost roughly 1,500 USD.

27. A typical 600 kW turbine costs about $450,000. • Installation costs are typically $125,000. • Therefore, the total costs will be about $575,000. • The average price for large, modern wind farms is around $1,000 per kilowatt electrical power installed. • Modern wind turbines are designed to work for some 120,000 hours of operation throughout their design lifetime of 20 years. ( 13.7 years non-stop) Maintenance costs are about 1.5-2.0 percent of the original cost, per year.

28. U.S. Wind Energy Use • The U.S. currently has more than 1,600 MW of installed capacity and produces about 3 billion KWh of electricity each year. • This is enough to meet the annual residential needs of 1 million people. • More than 90 percent of this power is produced by three wind farms in California (Altamont Pass, Tehachapi and Palm Springs).

29. Annual Wind Power Resource - US Mainland

30. Annual Wind Power Resource - Alaska and Hawaii

32. Striking Facts About Wind Energy Potential in the US • The U.S. contains enough useable wind resource to produce more electricity than the nation currently uses. • The majority of this usable resource is in the Great Plains region. North Dakota alone has enough suitable wind resource to supply 36 percent of the electricity consumed in the U.S. • In addition, development of major global wind energy markets could significantly impact jobs—recent studies show that each billion kilowatt-hours of annual wind energy generation creates between 440 to 460 jobs.

33. Advantages of Wind Power • The wind blows day and night, which allows windmills to produce electricity throughout the day. (Faster during the day) • Energy output from a wind turbine will vary as the wind varies, although the most rapid variations will to some extent be compensated for by the inertia of the wind turbine rotor. • Wind energy is a domestic, renewable source of energy that generates no pollution and has little environmental impact. Up to 95 percent of land used for wind farms can also be used for other profitable activities including ranching, farming and forestry. • The decreasing cost of wind power and the growing interest in renewable energy sources should ensure that wind power will become a viable energy source in the United States and worldwide.

34. Wind Power and the Environment • Wind Turbines and the Landscape - Large turbines don’t turn as fast  attract less attention - City dwellers “dwell” on the attention attracted by windmills • Sound from Wind Turbines - Increasing tip speed  less sound - The closest neighbor is usually 300 m  experiences almost no noise • Birds often collide with high voltage overhead lines, masts, poles, and windows of buildings. They are also killed by cars in traffic. However, birds are seldom bothered by wind turbines. • The only known site with bird collision problems is located in the Altamont Pass in California. • Danish Ministry of the Environment study revealed that power lines are a much greater danger to birds than the wind turbines. • Some birds even nest on cages on Wind Towers.

35. Impacts of Wind Power: Noise The NEED Project 2014

36. Planning Wind Turbine Installation in Regard to Sound

37. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r0DZUDQyw_0 building a wind turbine

38. Wildlife Impacts

39. Potential Impacts and Issues • Property Values • Noise • Visual Impact • Land Use • Wildlife Impact Properly siting a wind turbine can mitigate many of these issues.

40. China Leads the World in Wind Capacity Total Installed Generating Capacity (MW) Top 5 Countries for 2013 New Installed Capacity China Germany United Kingdom India Canada

41. Why Such Growth? …costs are low! • Increased Turbine Size • R&D Advances • Manufacturing Improvements 1979 40 cents/kWh 2000 4-6 cents/kWh 2004 3-4.5 cents/kWh 2011 Less than 5 cents/kWh

42. Modern Wind Turbines Turbines can be categorized into two classes based on the orientation of the rotor. The NEED Project 2014

43. Vertical-Axis Turbines Advantages Disadvantages Rotors generally near ground where wind is poorer Centrifugal force stresses blades Poor self-starting capabilities Requires support at top of turbine rotor Requires entire rotor to be removed to replace bearings Overall poor performance and reliability • Omni-directional - accepts wind from any direction • Components can be mounted at ground level - ease of service - lighter weight towers • Can theoretically use less materials to capture the same amount of wind

44. Horizontal-Axis Wind Turbines • Intermediate(10-250 kW) • Village Power • Hybrid Systems • Distributed Power • Small (<10 kW) • Homes • Farms • Remote Applications • (e.g., water pumping, • Telecom sites, ice making) • Large (250 kW-2+ MW) • Central Station Wind Farms • Distributed Power • Schools

45. Large Wind Turbines • Common Utility-Scale Turbines • 328’ base to blade • Each blade is 112’ • 200 tons total • Foundation 20’ deep • Rated at 1.5-2 megawatts • Supply about 500 homes

46. Wind Turbine Components

47. How a Wind Turbine Operates The NEED Project 2014

48. Installation of Wind Turbines https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jf-Q1wyowWc The NEED Project 2014

49. Workers Blade 112’ long Nacelle 56 tons Tower 3 sections Wind Turbine Perspective The NEED Project 2014

50. How wind turbines make electricity https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0Kx3qj_oRCc