Mineral Resources and Fossil Fuels

1. Chapter 11 Quiz Define the terms • Renewable resources • Placer deposits • Crude oil • Petrochemical • Fossil fuels

2. Chapter 11 Vocabulary QuizWrite the definition for the term • Lode • Placer deposits • Crude oil • Petrochemical • Fossil fuels

3. What will I learn Today? Homework Vocabulary page 208: define terms and give one fact Section review page 197 Section review page 201 Lab Analysis page 205 I will be able to explain what ores are and how they form

4. Nonrenewable resources Renewable resources Ores Veins Lode Placer deposits Gemstones Fossil fuels Hydrocarbon Carbonization Peat Lignite Bituminous coal Anthracite Crude oil Petrochemical Nuclear fission Nuclear fusion Solar collector Geothermal energy Hydroelectric energy Terms Chapter 11Define and write one fact

5. Essential question • Explain what ores are and how they form

6. Notes Section 11.1 • Mineral Resources • Nonrenewable – limited supply or take millions of years to replace. • Renewable – supply can be replaced in lifetime. • Metals – shiny, conduct heat and electricity, tend to bend easily. • Nonmetals – dull, poor conductors of heat and electricity. • Formation of ore • Most metals and nonmetals found chemically combined with other materials. • An ore is a deposit in which the minerals can be removed from.

7. Notes Section 11.1 • Ores and cooling magma • Cooling magma allows dense metals to sink to the bottom, forming ore deposit within the magma. • Ores and contact metamorphism • Heat from the magma or the gases generated will chemically change the rock. • The minerals are pushed through cracks in the rock to form veins, a large number of veins is called a lode. • Ores and moving water • The water can carry away fragments of minerals down stream. • The fragments are deposited in slower moving water as placer deposits.

8. Notes Section 11.1 • Uses of mineral resources • Some are prized for there beauty or rarity. • Gemstones are rare mineral crystals. • Are used for jewelry, building materials, industry, food processing, and fuel sources. • Mineral Conservation • Increased populations means that demand for minerals also increases. • Additional resources will need to be found, the ocean bottom may be the next mining zone. • The best way to preserve resources is to use recyclable materials.

9. Essential question • Explain what is a fossil fuel, how they are formed, How are they removed and are they renewable

10. Notes Section 11.2 • Fossil Fuels • Consist mainly of hydrogen and carbon • Coal, petroleum and natural gas are organic in nature. • Coal • Dark colored organic rock • Partially decomposed plant remains • Formation of coal • Carbonization is process to form coal • Bacteria release methane and carbon dioxide, leaving only carbon behind. • Types of coal

11. Notes Section 11.2 • Types of coal • Three main types • Peat , Lignite, Bituminous or anthracite • Peat a brownish black material • Plant deposits covered by sediments that squeezes out the water and gases. • Lignite is denser deposits of peat. • Also known as brown coal • Bituminous is a more compressed lignite • Also known as soft coal • It is 80 to 90 percent carbon and produces great amounts of heat. • Petroleum and Natural Gas • Petroleum is oil • Natural gas is hydrocarbons in a gaseous state • Both form from microorganisms.

12. Notes Section 11.2 • Formation of petroleum and natural gas • Microorganism accumulated on ocean and lake floors, then were covered by sediments. • Limited oxygen, heat and pressure cause a chemical changes covert the deposits into petroleum and natural gas. • Petroleum and Natural Gas deposits • Flow upward (due to pressure from sediments) through permeable rocks. • Flows upward until it encounters an impermeable rock (slate) called a cap stone. • A reservoir forms and the petroleum separates.

13. Notes Section 11.2 • Uses of fossil fuels • Energy sources for transportation, farming and industry • Crude oil is also used in petrochemical production; plastics, fabrics, medicines, tars, waxes, rubber, insecticides, fertilizers, detergents, and shampoos. • Fossil fuels supplies • Nonrenewable resource • 200 years of coal in reserve • 75% of oil in U.S. discovered • In some places 90% of oil still in the ground. • Fossil fuels and the environment • Causes acid rain, air pollution and oil spills harm oceans and wildlife.

14. Essential Question • Explain the process of Nuclear fusion and Nuclear fission

15. Notes Section 11.3 • Nuclear Energy • Changes done to the atomic nuclei to generate energy • Nuclear Fission • The splitting uranium 235 into two or more smaller nuclei. • Neutrons are fired at the U-235 to start a chain reaction • This generates heat that is absorbed by the water around it and is used to turn turbines to generate electricity. • The waste in lethal to humans and animals. • Nuclear Fusion • Energy is generated by combining smaller atoms into larger ones

16. Notes Section 11.3 • Nuclear Fusion • Energy is generated by combining smaller atoms into larger ones. • This happens at 15 million degrees Celsius • Hydrogen can be formed from ocean water. • Waste will be less dangerous then fission.

17. Essential Question • Explain the different types of alternative energy and how they can be used

18. Notes Section 11.4 • Alternative Energy Sources • As energy demands increase fossil fuels will be used faster • Nuclear can meet some of the demand, but major safety issues • Solar Energy • 15 minutes of sunlight is the amount of energy used by the world in one year • Passive systems collect heat from the sun and radiate it back in the night time • Active systems use solar collectors to heat water to circulate through out the building • Photovoltaic cells convert sunlight into electricity

19. Notes Section 11.4 • Geothermal energy • Water heated by magma can be in the form of steam or super heated water. • This can be used as direct heat or to power electricity generating turbines. • Energy from water and wind • Running water from streams or tides in the oceans. • Energy from running water • 11% of electricity in the U.S. is generated at hydroelectric dams. • Water is channeled through generators. • Energy from tides • Dams are built to trap high tide flows and then release it during low tide to generate power.

20. Notes Section 11.4 • Energy from winds • Wind farms use giant propeller wind turbines to make electricity • Some small turbines can meet single home needs • The wind does not always blow.