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Exp.9 預測化學反應途徑與反應速率

Exp.9 預測化學反應途徑與反應速率. 49812030 古翊廷 49812040 曾于蓉 49812042 黃雨柔. 實驗目的. 利用電腦探討化學反應解分子的 electronic Schrödinger equation 藉以預測:分子結構、反應途徑、過渡態、中間產物、產物 學習如何運用分子計算程式: Gaussian 03 、 Gauss view 、分子繪圖程式: Chem Draw 計算反應速率常數得其產量. 實驗原理. Hamiltonian Born-Oppenheimer approximation

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Exp.9 預測化學反應途徑與反應速率

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  1. Exp.9 預測化學反應途徑與反應速率 49812030古翊廷 49812040曾于蓉 49812042黃雨柔

  2. 實驗目的 利用電腦探討化學反應解分子的 electronic Schrödinger equation藉以預測:分子結構、反應途徑、過渡態、中間產物、產物 學習如何運用分子計算程式:Gaussian 03、Gauss view 、分子繪圖程式:Chem Draw 計算反應速率常數得其產量

  3. 實驗原理 Hamiltonian Born-Oppenheimer approximation The Hartree-Fock equation 6-31G basis set Eyring equation

  4. Hamiltonian 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 1. 電子的動能 2.電子與原子核之間的位能 3.電子間的排斥位能 4.原子核的動能 5.原子核之間的排斥位能

  5. 而在Born-Oppenheimer假設下我們可以忽略 倒數第二項,而最後一項在固定原子核位 置下為常數,通常以VNN表示, ∴ 又稱為 Born-Oppenheimer energy

  6. Hartree-Fock equations Many-electron wavefunction as a product of one-electron wavefunctions In order to satisfy Pauli principle ( antisymmetry ) & e- indistinguishable e- 分子軌域 spin N terms

  7. Slater determinant The optimum wavefunction the lowest total energy Satisfy Hartree-Fock equations

  8. α orβ Fock operator coulomb operator exchange operator Core Hamiltonian

  9. 在解 Hartree-Fock equations時,需要先 有一組近似的起始分子軌域(initial Guess) SCF (self-consistent field) 反覆求解 Hartree-Fock能量收斂

  10. Basis set 可利用一組基底函數的線性組合方式組成分 子軌域 ψi 常用基底函數 Slater type orbital (STO) Gaussian type orbital(GTO ) Coefficient Basis set Coefficient Primitive Gaussians

  11. 6-31G basis set 每一內層電子(inner electron)軌域由一個 CGTF代表 由6個primitive Gaussians 每一價電子(valence electron)軌域由兩個 CGTF代表 由3個primitive Gaussians 是1個exponent絕對值最小的 unconstructed GTO

  12. Eyring equation V = = k2[A][B] A + B → P k ‡ A + B⇌C ‡ → P • V =k ‡[C ‡] C ‡ A + B P

  13. 1. C ‡ is in pre-equilibrium with A,B (transition state or active complex) V = = k ‡[C ‡] k ‡ A + B⇌C ‡ → P 利用氣體分壓(gas)… K ‡= = = = 2. V = = k ‡[C ‡] = k ‡ K ‡[A][B] ) = k2[A][B] 假設為理想氣體方程式 PV=nRT P = P=[C]RT k2 = k ‡K ‡ 求k2…….找出k ‡K ‡ = K ‡[A][B]

  14. k ‡ V = k ‡[C‡] k ‡ ∝ υ因為 (κ:transimission coefficient ) k ‡=κυ • (2)K ‡ • K ‡= • K=[πJ()J] K ‡= where E0() – E0(A) – E0(B) : standard molar partition function

  15. v = = is very small , ) We look at the vibration mode of C‡ along the reaction coordinate for this mode. v K‡= (代入) = () =) ()

  16. get k2 k2 A B k2k ‡K ‡(將k‡ K‡代入) ( let = 為Eyring Equation =

  17. 實驗操作方式(SOP): 1.打開Gaussian 03W及 Gauss View。 2. 先利用Gauss View畫出我們要的分子結構。

  18. 操作方式: 1.Gauss View→File>New>Create MolGroup開起新檔

  19. 2.畫結構,利用左上角Element fragment及 Ring fragment。

  20. 3. 選取需要的結構和原子,G1:M1:V1-New視窗點 一下即可繪出原子。 可改變鍵長、鍵角

  21. 4.存檔 (存檔路徑皆須以英文表示,不可有中文。)

  22. 5. 開起Gaussian03W ,執行分子平衡結構、能量及振動頻 率的計算。打開於上一步驟所存之input檔案(water.gif)(P.60) 6. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

  23. 6.存檔:

  24. 7.計算中,出現以下訊息表計算完成。

  25. 8.打開Gauss View,開起output檔(water.out) ‧注意檔案類型需修改

  26. 9.檢查分子結構有無變形。 10. Results>Vibrations 檢查振動頻率是否合理, 並檢查三種水分子的振動模式。

  27. 11. Results>Summary 得知分子的Point group。

  28. 12. 用記事本開啟water.out檔,編輯>尋找>Zero, 找到 Zero-Point energy,紀錄能量、轉動慣量。

  29. multiplicity S=2s+1 s=s1+s2,……|s1-s2| H2O H:1 O:6 1+1+6=8 ∴s=0 S=1

  30. O2 O:6 6+6=12 ∴ s=1or0 S=3or1

  31. NO N:5 O:6 5+6=11 ∴s= S=2

  32. 結報 將得到的zero-point energy值,換算單位(HF→kcal/mol) 1Hartree = 27.2116 eV = 627.5095 kcal•mol-1 = 219474.7 cm-1 將資訊打入表格,找出相對energy,畫出分子的最佳狀態,以相對能量畫圖,如下。

  33. 參考資料 Molecule orbitals of water http://www.oocities.org/vic_zhang/water2.htm Molecule orbitals of oxygen http://sgforums.com/forums/2297/topics/320107?page=4 Molecular orbital of NO http://www.dfarmacia.com/farma/ctl_servlet?_f=37&id=13069634

  34. THE END

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