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World Civilization and Society II

World Civilization and Society II. Lecture 8: The World in Total War and Revolution. Total Warfare. Population as a victim. Population as a resource. -National enemies -Racial enemies -Legitimate military targets -Objects of genocide. -Voters (universal male suffrage)

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World Civilization and Society II

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  1. World Civilization and Society II Lecture 8: The World in Total War and Revolution

  2. Total Warfare Population as a victim Population as a resource -National enemies -Racial enemies -Legitimate military targets -Objects of genocide -Voters (universal male suffrage) -Producers (factories and farms) -Soldiers (mass armies)

  3. Krupp Munitions Works, Germany, 1914

  4. Women Munitions Workers, Germany

  5. British Recruitment Poster

  6. “Let Us Never Forget!”

  7. “The Motherland Calls!” (Soviet Union, World War Two)

  8. Richmond, VA, 1865

  9. Civilian Refugees

  10. Holocaust Victims, 1945

  11. Causes of total warfare New military technology Mass politics Modern industry National and imperial rivalries

  12. European Alliances

  13. World War One (1914-1918)

  14. Trench warfare (Western Front)

  15. Death by machine gun fire

  16. Battle of Verdun (1916)

  17. Poison Gas Gassed. Poison gas was ineffective on the battlefield during World War I, but it symbolized the nature of technologically “advanced” weaponry: inhuman and undiscriminating. Except in the U.S. cinema, wartime artists almost entirely abandoned heroic images in favor of scenes of horror. Blindness and blundering—as here in John Singer Sargent’s painting Gassed—became metaphors for the misconduct and incompetence of political and military leaders.

  18. “The War as I Saw It” (1920)

  19. Impact of World War One • “Lost Generation” • Loss of faith in reason and progress • Questioning governments and capitalism • Questioning European imperialism

  20. Breakup of the Ottoman Empire, World War One

  21. Arab delegates. When the Ottoman Empire entered World War I on the side of Germany, the Allies determined to carve it up. As part of that effort, they promoted Arab efforts to secure independence. Delegates to the Paris Peace Conference of 1919–1920, which ratified the dismemberment of the Ottoman Empire, included British Colonel T. E. Lawrence (“Lawrence of Arabia”), who helped lead the Arab rebellion, and representatives from the Mideast. Prince Faisal, whom the British were to make king of Iraq in 1921, stands in the foreground. Lawrence is second from the right in the middle row, demonstrating his Arab credentials by wearing traditional Bedouin headgear.

  22. World War One and the Middle East • Collapse of Ottoman Empire • Beginnings of Arab nationalism • Divided by England and France • Sharif Husayn • Turkish nationalism (Mustafa Kemal)

  23. Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and Modern Turkey

  24. A Soldier from French Africa

  25. The Russian Revolution (1917)

  26. RUSSIA AND WESTERN EUROPE Western Europe Russia * Feudalism * Feudalism * Absolutism * Absolutism * Liberal democracy & * Authoritarian capitalism government & socialism

  27. The Land and Peoples of Russia

  28. Russian Peasant Home

  29. Russian Imperial Society • Multinational (up to 150 nationalities) • Antagonistic social groups • Peasants 88% of the population • Peasant illiteracy • No middle class

  30. Nicholas II, Tsar (Emperor) of Russia (1894-1917)

  31. Grigorii Rasputin

  32. Russian Autocracy (Absolute Monarchy) • Nicholas II • Grigorii Rasputin • Only limited reforms (1905)

  33. Arresting a revolutionary, 1870s

  34. Lenin and Russian Social Democrats, 1890s

  35. Lenin, Trotsky, and Other Revolutionaries, 1917-18

  36. Russian Revolutionary Movement • Begun with Decembrist Uprising (1825) • Influenced by Western ideologies • Attracted to utopian thought • Appeal of Marxism (Vladimir Lenin)

  37. Women’s Demonstrations, Petrograd, February 1917

  38. February Revolution (1917) • First stage of the Russian Revolution • Impact of World War I • Strikes and demonstrations • Tsar’s abdication • Provisional Government

  39. July Days, Petrograd, 1917

  40. Problems Facing the Provisional Government • Land reform • Food shortages • War (June Offensive, 1917)

  41. Lenin, Trotsky, and Other Bolsheviks, 1917-18

  42. Bolsheviks • Peace, Land, and Bread (April Theses) • Supported by workers and peasants • Vladimir Lenin

  43. Red Guards

  44. October Revolution • Second stage of the Russian Revolution • Bolshevik seizure of power (Red Guards) • Overthrow of Provisional Government • Establishment of a socialist order • Yet led to a Stalinist dictatorship

  45. Russian Civil War • White Armies • Foreign intervention • War Communism (1918-1921) • Nationalization of industry • Grain requisitioning • Red Army • Secret police (Cheka) • Shooting hostages (Tsar and family)

  46. Tsar and family in captivity

  47. Room Where Royal Family Executed

  48. Legacy of the Russian Civil War • Secret police (Cheka, OGPU, NKVD, KGB) • Concentration camps (Gulags) • Centralized bureaucracy • Dictatorial methods justified • Bolsheviks acquire militant traditions • Devastation (famine 1921-22)

  49. Starving Children in Red Cross Hospital, Ukraine, 1920

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