European Revolutions

1. Enduring Understandings The collision of social unrest and new political ideas can lead to revolution. Nationalism can act as both a unifying and divisive force. Questions What new ideas moved to the rest of Europe that helped to fuel their revolutions for political change? How did nationalism play a role in these revolutions. Agenda – Warm-up: complete packet page #22 and Venn diagram comparing Haiti, Latin America and Mexican Revolutions. Take Europe and South America Map Quizzes Complete p #23 about European Revolutions Answer questions 1 and 2 above Create a Venn Diagram comparing French, Western Hemisphere and European Revolutions – how do these similarities illustrate the Enduring Understandings? European Revolutions

2. Enduring Understandings The collision of social unrest and new political ideas can lead to revolution. Nationalism can act as both a unifying and divisive force. Questions What new ideas moved to the rest of Europe that helped to fuel their revolutions for political change? How did nationalism play a role in these revolutions. Agenda – Warm-up: Finish p#22 and then complete Venn diagram comparing Haiti, Latin America and Mexican Revolutions. Complete p #23 about European Revolutions Answer questions 1 and 2 above Create a Venn Diagram comparing French, Western Hemisphere and European Revolutions – how do these similarities illustrate the Enduring Understandings? Go to link on pbworksreview sheet and classworks page under unit 2 - click on wikipediaentry on the Arab Spring. Read the overview and motivations sections of the Identify the similarities among the revolutions we have studied and identify MWH historical connections European Revolutions

3. Reasons and strategies for Latin American independence movements. – Haiti – Slave Rebellion - 1791-1804 • Reasons slaves revolted • Whites, a small minority, used brutal methods • African slaves were politically powerless • African slaves were terrorized • African slaves far outnumbered whites. • Enlightened ideas of liberty and equality • Strategies employed to gain independence • African priest Boukman inspired slaves to revolt • Toussaint L’Ouverture became a very successful military and diplomatic leader by finding enemy’s weaknesses • Dessalines became the next leader of revolution promoting Haitian nationalism

4. Reasons and strategies for Latin American independence movements. – South America – 1814-1824 • Reasons Americans revolted • Enlightenment ideas of liberty and equality, and popular sovereignty • Opposed being ruled by Napoleon’s brother, who was made the illegitimate King of Spain - 1808 • Class conflict between peninsulares and creoles • When Spanish King returned after defeat of Napoleon in 1814, rebels, mainly Creoles, fought to become independent of Spain and • Creoles also wanted to replace Peninsulares as the class with political power. • Strategies employed by Bolivar and San Martin • Surprise tactics by Bolivar • San Martin – forced surprise march combined with alliance with O’Higgins • Unity between Bolivar and San Martin • Bolivar’s command of a large, very nationalistic motivated volunteer army.

5. Reasons and strategies for Latin American independence movements. – Mexico – 1810-1821 • Importance of grito de Dolores • Padre Miguel Hidalgo used this as a call for peasants to rise up against Spain • Morelos also lost, but furthered the idea of Mexican independence basing it on the popular support for Mexicans governing Mexico (popular sovereignty) • How did each racial group play a role in independence? • Indios and Mestizos fought for the revolution – they were the down-trodden underclasses • Creoles later joined independence to maintain their social and economic positions as the wealthy landowners.

6. Similarities Mexico • South America Haiti Social Unrest Political instability in European mother country Middle Class took leadership role New Enlightenment ideas of equality, liberty and popular sovereignty Abusive government Use of violence, specifically well-led guerilla tactics Growing nationalism for the colony rather than the European mother country

7. 1. French citizens’ armies win their revolution for liberty and equality • Results, outcomes, consequences: • Rest of Europe begins to buy into French Revolutionary ideas about: • Equality, • Liberty • Popular sovereignty • Sees success of mass action to achieve goals

8. 2. Greeks revolt against Ottoman Empire • Results, outcomes, consequences: • Europeans feel a kinship with Greeks because of the connection (by way of renaissance) to ancient Greek culture. • Russian feel kinship with Greeks due to Eastern Orthodox religion • European militaries assist Greek independence movement by defeating Ottoman navy. • Greeks win their independence from Ottomans (conflict still exists today on Cyprus)

9. Revolutions of 1848 • A.J.P. Taylor, perhaps the first historian to have a genuinely popular public following due to his masterly presentation of historical topics on a dedicated TV series, in relation to the Germanic experience of 1848 coined the phrase that "history reached its turning point and failed to turn". • Lewis Namier states that “1848 remains a seed-plot of history. It crystallized ideas and projected the pattern of things to come; it determined the course of the following century.“ • Poor grain harvests, the appearance of blight - an extremely serious disease - in potato crops, and generally depressed economic conditionsacross much of Europe in 1845-6 led to sharply rising food prices, unemployment, and a radicalisationof political attitudes.

10. 3. Nationalist groups in Budapest, Prague and Vienna demand independence and self-government • Results, outcomes, consequences: • Vienna riots forced resignation of Metternich in Austria • Liberal government is demanded by radicals but they cannot unify • Conservative backlash against radicals results in the failure of the revolutions.

11. 4. Charles X tries to set up absolute monarchy in France. • Results, outcomes, consequences: • After Louis XVIII (18th) Charles X overextends himself and riots break out forcing him to flee, ending the idea of absolutism in France (sorta) • Louis-Philippe becomes king of a constitutional monarchy • Implements some liberal reforms and rules for 18 years. • Becomes increasingly conservative, reacting violently to concerns of the working class hit hard by 1846-47 recession

12. 5. Paris mobs overthrow monarchy of Louis-Philippe. • Results, outcomes, consequences: • First, led to radical-led 2nd Republic • 2nd Republic fails within 4 years because the radicals begin to disagree. • Radical disagreements end in open bloodshed • People react to instability and chaos by supporting conservatives • Who promote and then elect Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte

13. 6. Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte is elected president of France and later assumes title of Emperor Napoleon III • Results, outcomes, consequences: • Prosperity and peace occurs under the strong centralized, but enlightened control of Napoleon III • Reform plans include: • Building bridges and roads • Railroads • Schools • Modernized Paris • And promoted industrialization

14. 7. Nicholas I threatens to take over part of the Ottoman Empire during Crimean War • Results, outcomes, consequences: • Russia is defeated due to lack of industrialization and transportation capabilities • Alexander II (who succeeded Nicholas as Czar) plans to rapidly modernize and industrialize

15. 8. Alexander II issues the Edict of Emancipation • Results, outcomes, consequences: • Serfdom technically ends in Russia • Serf no are no longer legally tied to the land. • Peasant communities now own the land. BUT… • Peasants have to work to pay off the land, by paying the Czar. Essentially they are tied to the land through debt.

16. Similarities French • European Western hemisphere Social Unrest Political instability Middle Class took leadership role New Enlightenment ideas of equality, liberty and popular sovereignty Food and/or economic crisis Use of violence, Growing nationalism

17. Research revolutions today – produce a brief powerpoint to illustrate the comparisons to the 19th century Latin American Revolutions • Tunisia • Egypt • Bahrain • Syria • Libya • Algeria Compare the: • Participants • Methods • Reasons • Gov’t reaction • Results To the Latin American revolutions in the 19th century