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Understanding Basic Biological Processes: Molecules, Cells, and Homeostasis

This guide explores the fundamental concepts of biological chemistry and cellular functions. It covers the six elements vital for life: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus. Key topics include organic compounds such as nucleic acids and proteins, enzyme activity, cellular respiration, and maintaining homeostasis. It details the functions of cell membranes, diffusion, osmosis, and active transport, as well as the roles of organelles in cells. The process of cell division, DNA replication, and differentiation are also discussed, alongside the implications of mutations.

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Understanding Basic Biological Processes: Molecules, Cells, and Homeostasis

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  1. EOC Packet #1

  2. Basic Information • Six Elements: • Carbon • Hydrogen • Oxygen • Nitrogen • Sulfur • Phosphorous

  3. Molecule • Smallest representative piece of a compound • Example: Water, carbon dioxide

  4. Organic Compounds: • Must contain carbon • Examples: nucleic acids, protein, carbohydrates, lipids,

  5. Enzymes • Examples of proteins • Job is to catalyze a reaction • Temperature, pH, substrate/enzyme concentration • Active site of enzyme matches up with substrate shape • Breakdown of food (example: break down of lactose by lactase); Cell respiration; DNA Replication

  6. Basic Information • Homeostasis: maintaining a constant environment • Temperature, pH, amount of sugar • Water- helps provide homeostasis in the body; absorbs water soluble substances; excretion of wastes; osmotic balance

  7. Cells regulate the flow of molecules in and out of the cell using the CELL MEMBRANE • DIFFUSION is the process that moves solutes from high concentration to low concentration. • OSMOSIS is the process that moves water from hypotonic (low solute/high water) areas to hypertonic (high solute/low water) areas • ACTIVE TRANSPORT is a process that requires energy to move charged ions through the membrane.

  8. Membrane’s Function • It is selectively permeable so it only allows certain things to enter and exit the cell • Once inside the cell different molecules can be used for different purposes. • Sugars are used by the cellfor cell respiration • Proteins are broken down into subunits called amino acids and used to build new proteins

  9. Cells…. • Cells are made of many small structures called ORGANELLES each of which has a specific job. List several jobs performed by the parts of the cells: • Make proteins (ribosomes); transport (ER); storage (vacuole)  • When do Cells divide? During mitosis • How do cells ensure that the new cells will have all the same information that the old cells do? • S PHASE OF INTERPHASE REPLICATES DNA SO A COPY OF DNA WILL GO INTO THE NEW CELL • If each cell has an identical copy of the DNA, how do we get specialized cells that are different like liver cells, lung cells and skin cells? • Same DNA but has access to different proteins

  10. The process by which cells become specialized is called DIFFERENTIATION • What happens between each cell division to prevent cells from becoming smaller and smaller? • INTERPHASE SO CELL GROWS DURING G1 • After fertilization, what happens to the zygote (the fertilized egg)? • GOES THROUGH CLEAVAGE • What causes the individual cells in the embryo to differentiate? • CHEMICALS WITHIN THE GENES HAVE ON/OFF SIGNALS

  11. Body cells or autosomes have two times the amount of chromosomes than sex cells. • Example: sperm/egg cell has 23 chromosomes while body cells have 46 chromosomes • Mistakes during mitosis and meiosis lead to different problems. • Which one is more likely to lead to a defect in the entire body of an organism? • Meiosis • Which one is more likely to lead to a defect in a single body part? • Mitosis

  12. : • Mutations: change in a DNA sequence • Causes: UV light, Cancer, Smoking • Pathogens: anything that causes a disease • Causes: viruses like influenza, mumps

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