Francis Bacon

1. Francis Bacon Francis Bacon (1561-1626)

2. Brief Introduction • Francis Bacon (1561–1626) was one of the leading figures in natural philosophy and in the field of scientific methodology in the period of transition from the Renaissance to the early modern era. As a lawyer, member of Parliament, and Queen's Counsel, Bacon wrote on questions of law, state and religion, as well as on contemporary politics; but he also published texts in which he speculated on possible conceptions of society, and he pondered questions of ethics (Essays) even in his works on natural philosophy (The Advancement of Learning).

3. Francis Bacon • Sir Francis Bacon was an English lawyer, statesman, essayist(散文家), historian, intellectual reformer, philosopher, and champion of modern science. Early in his career he claimed “all knowledge as his province”（以知识为其领域）and afterwards dedicated himself to a wholesale revaluation and re-structuring of traditional learning.

4. He was to take the place of the established tradition(a miscellany of Scholasticism古代的繁琐哲学, humanism, and natural magic), he proposed an entirely new system based on empirical& inductive principles以科学实验为依据和归纳的原则 and the active development of new arts and inventions, a system whose ultimate goal would be the production of practical knowledge for “the use and benefit of men” and the relief of the human condition.

6. Life and Political Career • Francis Bacon was born in London in 1561，and he was educated at home when he was a child. • In 1573, at the age of just twelve, he entered Trinity College, Cambridge.（剑桥大学三一学院：剑桥大学三一学院是剑桥大学中规模最大、财力最雄厚、名声最响亮的学院之一。三一学院是由英国国王亨利八世于1546年所建，其前身是1324年建立的迈克尔学院以及1317年建立的国王学堂。从三一学院毕业的著名毕业生的玉石雕像，包括了牛顿、培根、丁尼生等人。）

8. In 1576 Bacon began reading law at Gray’s Inn. Yet only a year later he interrupted his studies in order to take a position as an assistant to the ambassador. • In 1579, while he was still in France, his father died，leaving him (as the second son of a second marriage and the youngest of six heirs继承人) virtually without support, position, land, income. • Bacon completed his law degree in 1582, and in 1588 he was named lecturer in legal studies at Gray’s Inn；（英国）四大律师学院之一指英国14世纪时在伦敦组成的四大法律学院：内殿律师学院、中殿律师学院、林肯律师学院和格雷律师学院） • He was elected to Parliament in 1584 as a member for Melcombe in Dorsetshire. He would remain in Parliament as a representative for various constituencies for the next 36 years. • In 1593 his blunt criticism of a new tax levy by the Queen resulted in an unfortunate setback to his career expectations.

9. In 1603, James I succeeded Elizabeth. After being knighted by the king被国王封爵, he swiftly ascended the ladder of state and from 1604-1618 filled a succession of high-profile advisory positions 1604 – Appointed King’s Counsel. 法律顾问 1607 – Named Solicitor General. 副检察长 1608 – Appointed Clerk of the Star Chamber. 1613 – Appointed Attorney General. 检察长 1616 – Made a member of the Privy Council.枢密院司法委员会成员 1617 – Appointed Lord Keeper of the Royal Seal (his father’s former office). 掌玺大臣 1618 – Made Lord Chancellor. 英国大法官 • In 1621 he was arrested and charged with bribery. Although the fine was later waived 取消 and Bacon spent only four days in the Tower, he was never allowed to sit in Parliament or hold political office again.

10. Bacon spent his remaining years working with renewed determination on his lifelong project: the reform of learning and the establishment of an intellectual community dedicated to the discovery of scientific knowledge for the “use and benefit of men.” • He was died on 9 April, 1626, supposedly of a cold or pneumonia contracted. 肺炎

12. His Works • Bacon’s maybe divided into three classes，the philosophical，the literary，and the professional works. • The best known of the philosophical works are: • the advancement of learning《学术之进步》, published in 1605.书中抨击了中世纪的经院哲学，论证了知识的巨大作用，揭示了人类知识不如人意的现状以及补救的方法. • the Novum Organum《新工具》, published in latin in 1620; 这是培根最重要的哲学著作，它提出了培根在近代所开创的经验认识原则和经验认识方法。 • the New Atlantis 《新大西岛》，published in latin in 1924 这是培根最后一部著作，是一部为完成的乌托邦式的作品，作者在书中描绘了自己追求和向往的理想社会蓝图。

13. Of Bacon’s literary works: • The Essay《论说随笔文集》or《随笔集》 Ten of these he published in 1597, and then they reissued and extended in 1612 and again in 1625 Many on the problems of statesmanship like that of the True Greatness of Kingdoms and Estates. 《随笔集》的内容涉及到政治、经济、宗教、爱情、婚姻、友谊、艺术、教育和伦理等等，几乎触及了人类生活的方方面面。作为一名学识渊博且通晓人情世故的哲学家和思想家，培根对他谈及的问题均有发人深省的独到之见。

14. Of his professional works: • The largest and most important of his works were entitledMaxims of the Law《法律原理》，andReading on the Statute of Uses《法令使用读书选文》。 • 他的其它作品还有《论古人的智慧》，《亨利七世本纪》。此外培根在逝世后还留下了许多遗著，后来，由许多专家学者先后整理出版，包括《论事物的本性》、《迷宫的线索》、《各家哲学的批判》、《自然界的大事》、《论人类的知识》等等

15. Francis Bacon’s Famous Saying About MONEY&POWER About STUDY& KNOWLEDGE About LIFE About MORALITY Discussion & Thinking

16. About MONEY&POWER Money is a good servant and a bad master .金钱是善仆，也是恶主。Money is like muck , not good except it be spread .金钱好比粪肥，只有撒到在大地才是有用之物。

17. Prosperity is the blessing of the Old Testament, adversity is the blessing of the New. Essays 繁荣是旧约的恩赐，逆境是新约的恩赐 • Riches are for spending. Essays 富有是用来花费的。 • Riches are a good handmaid, but the worst mistress. De Augmentis Scientiarum 富裕是个好助手，但却是最糟的主妇

18. It is a strange desire, to seek power, and to lose liberty; or to seek power over others, and to lose power over a man's self. • 为追逐权力而舍弃自由，虽权倾一时却迷失了自己，这种欲望是何等的奇怪？爬升到高位，要经过很艰难的过程，但是人们总是乐此不疲，以吃许多苦来换取更大的痛苦；爬升到高位，其经过有时是卑污的；然而人们却借着卑污的手段达到尊严的地位。在高位上立足就更难了，无论是退步还是覆灭，或者至少是声名受辱，--都是些很可悲的事情。毫无疑问，居高位的人们对自我是陌生人；并且在事务匆忙之中，他们是没有时间来照管自己的身体或精神上的健康的。

19. About STUDY& KNOWLEDGE • Knowledge is power. 知识就是力量 Meditationes Sacrae • Natural abilities are like natural plants that need pruning by study.天生的才干如同天生的植物一样，需要靠学习来修剪。

20. Histories make men wise ; poems witty; the mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep ; moral grave ; logic and rhetoric able to contend . 历史使人明智；诗词使人灵秀；数学使人周密；自然哲学使人深刻；伦理使人庄重；逻辑修辞学使人善辨。

21. Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested. • A prudent question is one-half of wisdom. • Studies perfect nature and are perfected still by experience.

22. About LIFE • Happy are the families where the government of parents is the reign of affection, and obedience of the children the submission to love. 幸福的家庭，父母靠慈爱当家，孩子也是出于对父母的爱而顺从大人。 • There is a difference between happiness and wisdom: he that thinks himself the happiest man is really so; but he that thinks himself the wisest is generally the greatest fool. 幸福和智慧是有区别的：假如一个人认为他是最幸福的人，那么他就是最幸福的；但是如果一个人认为他自己是最明智的，那么通常他就是最愚蠢的。

23. It is a miserable state of mind to have few things to desire and many things to fear. Essays • Anger makes dull men witty, but it keeps them poor. • A wise man will make more opportunities than he finds. • Young people are fitter to invent than to judge; fitter for execution than for counsel; and more fit for new projects than for settled business. • Age appears to be best in four things; old wood best to burn, old wine to drink, old friends to trust, and old authors to read.

24. Good fame is like fire; when you have kindled you may easily preserve it; but if you extinguish it, you will not easily kindle it again. • It is natural to die as to be born. • Silence is the sleep that nourishes wisdom.

25. About MORALITY • Virtue is like a rich stone, best plain set. Essays • 德行如同宝石一般，在朴素背景的衬托下更加美丽。 同样，一个打扮并不华贵却端庄高雅而有美德的人是令人肃然起敬的。美貌的人并不是完人。因为造物是吝啬的，不会把所有的优点都集中到一个人身上。所以有许多人，他们容颜俊秀却一无作为，因为过于追求外形美而放弃了内在美。最高的美是画家所无法表现的，不能被直观的描绘出来。这是一种奇妙的美。曾经有两位画家--阿皮雷斯和丢勒天真的认为，可以按照几何比例，或者通过摄取不同人身上最美的特点，用画合成一张最完美的人像。但这样就能描绘出最高的美吗？其实这样画出来的美人，大概只有画家本人会喜欢。我并不否认有的画像可以十分美丽，但终究是达不到极致的--就如同名曲的诞生并不是靠模仿、拼凑来完成的一样。美是没有固定套路的，创造它的常常是机遇，而不是公式。唯有把美的形貌与美的德行结合起来，才能让美放射出真正的光辉。

26. Judges ought to be more leaned than witty, more reverent than plausible, and more advised than confident. Above all things, integrity is their portion and proper virtue. • If we do not maintain Justice, Justice will not maintain us. speech in Overbury murder case, Nov. 1615 • In taking revenge, a man is but even with his enemy; but in passing it over, he is superior. • If a man be gracious and courteous to strangers, it shows he is a citizen of the world. Essays • Truth is a good dog; but always beware of barking too close to the heels of an error, lest you get your brains kicked out.

27. Discussion & Thinking • Hope is a good breakfast, but it is a bad supper. Apothegms • A bachelor's life is a fine breakfast, a flat lunch, and a miserable dinner.

28. All colours will agree in the dark. Essays • By indignities men come to dignities

29. 培根的哲学思想 • 培根的哲学思想是与其社会思想是密不可分的。他是资产阶级上升时期的代表，主张发展生产，渴望探索自然，要求发展科学。他认为是经院哲学（英文：Scholasticism[skə’læstisizəm]，字源为拉丁文的Schola与Scholasticus，又称称士林哲学，意指学院（Academy）的学问）阻碍了当代科学的发展。因此他极力批判经院哲学和神学权威。他还进一步揭露了人类认识产生谬误的根源，提出了著名的“四假相说”。他说这是在人心普遍发生的一种病理状态，而非在某情况下产生的迷惑与疑难。第一种是“种族的假相”，这是由于人的天性而引起的认识错误；第二种是“洞穴的假相”是个人由于性格、爱好、教育、环境而产生的认识中片面性的错误；第三种是“市场的假相”，即由于人们交往时语言概念的不确定产生的思维混乱。第四种是“剧场的假相”这是指由于盲目迷信权威和传统而造成的错误认识。培根指出，经院哲学家就是利用四种假相来抹煞真理，制造谬误，从而给予了经院哲学沉重的打击。但是培根的“假相说”渗透了培根哲学的经验主义倾象，未能对理智的本性与唯心主义的虚妄加以严格区别。

30. 培根认为当时的学术传统是贫乏的，原因在于学术与经验失去接触。他主张科学理论与科学技术相辅相成。他主张打破“偶像”，铲除各种偏见和幻想，他提出“真理是时间的女儿而不是权威的女儿”，对经院哲学进行了有力的攻击。     培根的科学方法观以实验定性和归纳为主。他继承和发展了古代关于物质是万物本源的思想，认为世界是由物质构成的，物质具有运动的特性，运动是物质的属性。培根从唯物论立场出发，指出科学的任务在于认识自然界及其规律。但受时代的局限，他的世界观还具有朴素唯物论和形而上学的特点。

31. 培根是近代哲学史上首先提出经验论原则的哲学家。他重视感觉经验和归纳逻辑在认识过程中的作用，开创了以经验为手段、研究感性自然的经验哲学的新时代，对近代科学的建立起了积极的推动作用，对人类哲学史、科学史都做出了重大的历史贡献。为此，罗素尊称培根为"给科学研究程序进行逻辑组织化的先驱"。培根是近代哲学史上首先提出经验论原则的哲学家。他重视感觉经验和归纳逻辑在认识过程中的作用，开创了以经验为手段、研究感性自然的经验哲学的新时代，对近代科学的建立起了积极的推动作用，对人类哲学史、科学史都做出了重大的历史贡献。为此，罗素尊称培根为"给科学研究程序进行逻辑组织化的先驱"。

32. Influence Bacon's ideas about the improvement of the human lot were influential in the 1630s and 1650s among a number of parliamentarian scholars. During the Restoration, Bacon was commonly invoked as a guiding spirit of the Royal Society founded under Charles II in 1660.In the nineteenth century his emphasis on induction was revived and developed by Willian Whewell, among others. Religious influence Francis Bacon's influence can also be seen on a variety of religious and spiritual authors, and on groups that have utilized his writings in their own belief systems.

33. Of Studies 这是Francis Bacon著作的一篇意义深邃的随笔，让我们一同赏析！ P126-127

34. 王佐良译 Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. Their chief use for delight, is in privateness and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability, is in the judgement and disposition of business. 　　读书足以怡情，足以傅彩，足以长才。其怡情也，最见(xian,同“现”)于独处幽居之时；其傅彩也，最见于高谈阔论之中；其长才也，最见于处世判事之际。

35. For ecpert and execute, and perhaps judge of particulars, oneby one; but the general counsels, and the plots and marshalling of affairs, come best form those that are learned. To spend too much time in studies is sloth; to use them too much for ornament, is affectation; to make judgement wholly by their rules, is thehumour of a scholar. 　　练达之士虽能分别处理细事或一一判别枝节，然纵观统筹，全局策划， 则舍好学深思者莫属。读书费时过多易惰，文采藻饰太盛则矫，全凭条文断事乃学究故态。

36. Personal opinion Book is one of best teachers, we can always find some ways to deal with something in our life, even it is a trouble.

37. They perfect nature, and are perfectec by experience: for natural abilities are like natural plants, that need proyning by study; and studies themselves do give forth directions too much at large, except they be bounded in by experience. 　　读书补天然之不足，经验又补读书之不足，盖天生才干犹如自然花草，读书然后知如何修剪移接，而书中所示，如不以经验范之，则又大而无当

38. Crafty men contemn studies, simple men admire them, and wise men use them; for they teach not their own use; but that is a wisdom without them, and above them, won by observation. 　　有一技之长者鄙读书，无知者羡读书，唯明智之士用读书，然书并不以用处告人，用书之智不在书中，而在书外，全凭观察得之。

39. Read not to contradict and confute; nor to believe and take for granted; nor to find talk and discourse; but to weigh and consider. 　　读书时不可存心诘难读者，不可尽信书上所言，亦不可只为寻章摘句，而应推敲细思。

40. Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested; that is, some books are to be read only in parts; others to be read, but not curiously; and some few to be read wholly, and with diligence and attention. Some books also may be read by deputy, and extracts made of them by others; but that would be only in the less important arguments, and the meaner sort of books; else distilled books are, like common distilled waters, flashy things. 　　书有可浅尝者，有可吞食者，少数则须咀嚼消化。换言之，有只需读其部分者，有只须大体涉猎者，少数则须全读，读时须全神贯注，孜孜不倦。书亦可请人代读，取其所作摘要，但只限题材较次或价值不高者，否则书经提炼犹如水经蒸馏，淡而无味。

41. Reading maketh a full man ； conference a ready man; andwriting an exact man. And therefore, if a man write little ， he had need have a great memory; if he confer little, he had need have a present wit; and if he read little, he had need have much cunning, to seem to know that he doth not. maketh: make 的第三人称用法 ready: 即 ready-witted ，指敏于思考的能力。 doth: do 的第三人称单数用法 　　读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，笔记使人准确。因此不常做笔记者须记忆力特强，不常讨论者须天生聪颖，不常读书者须欺世有术，始能无知而显有知。

42. Histories make men wise; poets witty; the mathematics subtile; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend. Abeunt studia in morse. 　　读史使人明智，读诗使人灵秀，数学使人周密，科学使人深刻，伦理学使人庄重，逻辑修辞之学使人善辩；凡有所学，皆成性格。

43. Nay there is no stand or impendiment in the wit, but may be wrought out by fit studies: like as diseases of the body may have appropriate exercises. Bowling is good for the stone and reins; shooting for the lungs and breast; gentle walking for the stomach; riding for the head; and the like. So if a man’’s wit be wandering, let him study the mathematics; for in demonstrations, if his witbe called away never so little, he must begin again. If his wit be not apt to distinguish or find differences, let him study theschoolmen; for they are cymini sectores. If he be not apt to beat over matters, and to call up one thing to prove and illustrate another, let him study the lawyers’’ cases. So every defectof the mind may have a special receipt. 　　人之才智但有滞碍，无不可读适当之书使之顺畅，一如身体百病，皆可借相宜之运动除之。滚球利睾肾，射箭利胸肺，慢步利肠胃，骑术利头脑，诸如此类。如智力不集中，可令读数学，盖演题需全神贯注，稍有分散即须重演；如不能辩异，可令读经院哲学，盖是辈皆吹毛求疵之人；如不善求同，不善以一物阐证另一物，可令读律师之案卷。如此头脑中凡有缺陷，皆有特效可医。

44. 王佐良

45. 王佐良，1916年2月12日生，诗人、翻译家、教授、英国文学研究专家，浙江上虞人。1995年1月19日，于北京去世。王佐良，1916年2月12日生，诗人、翻译家、教授、英国文学研究专家，浙江上虞人。1995年1月19日，于北京去世。 1929年至1934年，在武昌文华中学读书。1939年毕业于西南联合大学外语系(原清华大学外语系)，留校任教，1947年赴英国牛津大学为攻读英国文学研究生。 1949年回国后，历任北京外国语学院教授、英语系主任、副院长。

46. 著作 　　王佐良先生专于英国文学的研究。著有《英国十七世纪剧作家韦勃斯特的文学声誉》（英文）、《英国文学论文集》，《英语文体学论文集》和《风格和风格的背后》等，译有〔英〕《彭斯诗选》，中译英《雷雨》（曹禺著），《中外文学之间》，《论契合比较文学研究集》，《照澜集》。 　　王佐良先生是诗人，讲诗、评诗、译诗得心应手。他的不少著述是讲诗的：《英国诗史》、《英国浪漫主义诗歌史》、《苏格兰诗选》、《英诗的境界》、《英国诗选》、《英国诗文选译集》、《读穆旦的诗》，《英国文学名篇选注》等。 　　上中学时，他已在报刊上发表诗作多首。在西南联大写的两首诗被闻一多先生选入他的《现代诗钞》。上世纪40年代是他写诗的旺盛时期，写了《春天，想起了莎士比亚》、《异体十四行诗八首》、《去国行，1947》、《伦敦夜景》、《巴黎码头边》、《1948年圣诞节》等诗作。 当然，他最广为流传的篇作是翻译培根随笔集其中的《论学习》等，该译作的语言精炼优美传神，被广大读者视为是最权威的版本。

47. 人生小评 王佐良先生学生时期就写诗，并有英文诗发表，又有中篇小说《昆明居》为世人所知。五十年代起以双向翻译从事文化交流和文学研究，把中国戏剧文学名著《雷雨》等作品译成英文，把英诗多种移译为中文，主张以诗译诗，存原诗风貌；研究英国文学的中英文论著，以文艺复兴时期和现代诗歌两个领域为主。集诗人、翻译家、研究工作者于一身而各有成就。 　　在上世纪五六十年代，他与许国璋、吴景荣曾被誉为新中国的“三大英语权威”。他为新中国英语教育和英语翻译所做出的贡献，已有不少文章做过回忆和论述

48. 英语专家王佐良谈英语学习方法  * 通过文化来学习语言，语言也会学得更好。  * 语言之有魅力，风格之值得研究，主要是因为后面有一个大的精神世界：但这两者又必须艺术地融合在一起，因此语言表达力同思想洞察力又是互相促进的。  * 文体，风格的研究是有实际用途的，它可以使我们更深入地观察英语的性能，看到英语的长处，短处，以及我们在学习英语时应该特别注意或警惕的地方。因为英语一方面不难使用，一方面又在不小心或过分小心的使用者面前布满了陷阱 

49. Virtue is like a rich stone, best plain set   Reading maketh a full man, conference a ready man, and writing an exact man.   Natural abilities are like natural plants, that need pruning by study; and studies themselves do give forth directions too much at large, except they be bounded in by experience.        If you ask the most important in life skills? Then answer is: first, fearless; Second, fearless; The third, or fearless. Knowledge is power. Money is a good servant and a bad master . Money is like muck , not good except it be spread

50. It is impossible to love and be wise.   • In beauty, that of favor, is more than that of color; and that of decent and gracious motion, more than that of favor  • There is no man that imparteth his joys to his friends, but that he joyeth the more; and no man that imparteth is griefs to his friends, but he grieveth the less.    • Beauty is as summer fruits, which are easy to corrupt, and cannot last; and for the most part it makes a dissolute youth, and an age a little out of countenance      • Young men are fitter to invent than to judge, fitter for execution than for counsel, fitter for new projects than for settled business