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1. 1 ©?????????? ?.?. ???? ?++ ???? «?++. ???????????????? ?? ????? ???????? ??????» ?????????? ?.?.

2. 2 ©?????????? ?.?. ???? ?++ ?????? 1. ???????? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????????? ????????? ???????: ?? ????? ?????????? «??????????» ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ????????????????, ??? ???????? ??? ????? ??????, ????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ???? ? ????? C++.

3. ©?????????? ?.?. (????? ????) 3 ??????????

4. ©?????????? ?.?. (????? ????) 4 ?????????? ?????????? ?.?. C/C++. ???????????????? ?? ????? ???????? ??????. — C??.: ?????, 2001, 2003. ?????????? ?.?., ????? ?.?. ?/?++. ??????????? ????????????????: ?????????. — ???: ?????, 2002. ?????????? ?.?., ????? ?.?. ?++. ????????-??????????????? ????????????????: ?????????. — ???: ?????, 2004. ?????? ?. ??????? ??????? ????? ?? C++. ????? C++ In-Depth, ?.4. — ??????: ???????????? ??? «???????», 2002 ?. — 400 ?. ????????????? ?. ??????????? ?????????????? ?? ?++. ????? C++ In-Depth, ?.3. — ??????: ???????????? ??? «???????», 2002 ?. — 336 ?. ????? ?., ?? ?. ??????????? ???????????????? ?? ?++. ????? C++ In-Depth, ?.2. — ??????: ???????????? ??? «???????», 2002 ?. — 384 ?.

5. ©?????????? ?.?. (????? ????) 5 ?????????? ????? ?., ???? ?., ??????? ?., ????????? ??. ?????? ????????-???????????????? ??????????????. ???????? ??????????????. — ???: ?????, 2001 ?. — 368 ?. ????????? ??. ?????????? ???????? ??????????????. ?????????????? ??????. — ??????: ???????????? ??? «???????», 2003 ?. — 144 ?. ???????? ?., ????? ?. ??????? ??????????????. ????? ?????? ? ????????-???????????????? ??????? ? ??????????????. — ??????: ???????????? ??? «???????», 2002 ?. — 288 ?. ????? ?. ?????? ?++. ?????? ??????????? ?????????. — ??????: ????, 2003 ?. — 860 ?. ?. ??????. ?++. ????????-????. — ???: ???-?????????, 2004 ?. — 512 ?. ?. ??????. ????????? ?++. — ???: ?????, 2004 ?. — 572 ?.

6. ©?????????? ?.?. (????? ????) 6 ?. ???. ????????????? ????????????????. — ???: ?????, 2002. ?. ???, ?. ??????. ????????????? ????????????????. ????????????. — ???: ?????, 2003 ?. — 144 ?. ?. ????, ?. ??????. ????????????? ????????????????. ?????????? ????????. — ???: ?????, 2003 ?. — 368 ?. ?. ??????. ?++. ??????? ??????????. — ???: ?????, 2004 ?. — 220 ?. ?. ??????. ??? ?? ???? ??????????????? ?? ?++. — ???: ?????, 2004 ?. — 240 ?. ?. ???????. ??????? ?++. — ???: ?????, 2003 ?. — 251 ?. ?. ??????????. ??????????? ???. — ???: «?????», 2005. — 896 ?. ???????? ?++: INTERNATIONAL ISO/IEC STANDARD 14882 1998-09-01, 2003 ??????????

7. ©?????????? ?.?. (????? ????) 7

8. ©?????????? ?.?. (????? ????) 8 ???????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?????????????? ???????????? ???????????? ????????????? ?????????? ??????????? ?????????????? … ?????????? ?????????????? ???????? ????????????? ????????????? ??????????????? ???????? ????????????? … ????????? ????? ???????? ????? ? ????????? ?????? ? ????????? ???????????????? ????? ???????? ????? ? ????????? ?????? ? ????????? ???????

9. ©?????????? ?.?. (????? ????) 9 ???????? ???????? ???????? ?????????

10. ©?????????? ?.?. (????? ????) 10 ????????? ???????????????? ????????? — ?????? ??????????? ?????????, ?? ???? ??????? ?? ??????????. ???????? ????????????????? ???????? ??????????? ? ????????-??????????????? ?????????. ??? ??????????? ???????? ????????????, ?????????? ? ?????? ??? ???????? ?????????. ??????????? ???????????? ??????? ? ???, ??? ??????, ??????????? ??????????, ??????? ?? ?????????, ? ???, ? ???? ??????? — ?? ????? ?????? ?????, ?? ???? ??????????? ????????? ??????????? ????????? ??????? ??????. ????????-??????????????? ???????????? ???????????? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ??????? ? ?????????? ???? ???????? ? ?? ???????????? ? ???? ?????????. ????? ????, ?????????? ?????????????? ? ?????????? ?????????.

11. ©?????????? ?.?. (????? ????) 11 ?????? ????? 96 ???????? - ?? ??? 91 ????? ??????. ?????-?.96 ???????? - ?? ??? 91 ????? ??????. ?????-?.

12. ©?????????? ?.?. (????? ????) 12 ?????? ????????? ?????????

13. ©?????????? ?.?. (????? ????) 13 ????????? ‘db’ - ???????????? ?????? (wchar_t)‘db’ - ???????????? ?????? (wchar_t)

14. ©?????????? ?.?. (????? ????) 14 ??????????? ?????????????????? ???-?? 16-???. ???? ?? ?????????? - ?????????????? ?? ?????? ??-?????.???-?? 16-???. ???? ?? ?????????? - ?????????????? ?? ?????? ??-?????.

15. ©?????????? ?.?. (????? ????) 15 ???? ?????? The acronym POD stands for ``plain old data.'' The acronym POD stands for ``plain old data.''

16. ©?????????? ?.?. (????? ????) 16 ???????? (???????????) ???? ??????: ?????? 4 ???? - intergal (integer), ?????. Type wchar_t is a distinct type whose values can represent distinct codes for all members of the largest extended character set specified among the supported locales (lib.locale). Type wchar_t shall have the same size, signedness, and alignment requirements (basic.types) as one of the other integral types, called its underlying type. bool values behave as integral types. Values of type bool participate in integral promotions ?????? 4 ???? - intergal (integer), ?????. Type wchar_t is a distinct type whose values can represent distinct codes for all members of the largest extended character set specified among the supported locales (lib.locale). Type wchar_t shall have the same size, signedness, and alignment requirements (basic.types) as one of the other integral types, called its underlying type. bool values behave as integral types. Values of type bool participate in integral promotions

17. ©?????????? ?.?. (????? ????) 17 ????????? ???? arrays of objects of a given type; functions, which have parameters of given types and return void or references or objects of a given type; pointers to void or objects or functions of a given type; references to objects or functions of a given type; classes containing a sequence of objects of various types, a set of types, enumerations and functions for manipulating these objects, and a set of restrictions on the access to these entities; unions, which are classes capable of containing objects of different types at different times; enumerations, which comprise a set of named constant values. Each distinct enumeration constitutes a different enumerated type; pointers to non-staticclass members

18. ©?????????? ?.?. (????? ????) 18 ????????? ??? IBM PC-??????????? char, signed char ? unsigned char - ??? ?????? ????. ??? ???????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ? ????? ?????????? ????????????. ????? ?? ?har ??????? ?????. ????????, ??????? ?? ??????????. ?? ????? ????????? ???? ? signed, ???? ? unsigned. There are four signed integer types: ``signed char'', ``short int'', ``int'', and ``long int.'' In this list, each type provides at least as much storage as those preceding it in the list. Plain ints have the natural size suggested by the architecture of the execution environment. For each of the signed integer types, there exists a corresponding (but different) unsigned integer type: ``unsigned char'', ``unsigned short int'', ``unsigned int'', and ``unsigned long int,'' each of which occupies the same amount of storage and has the same alignment requirements. There are three floating point types: float, double, and long double. The type double provides at least as much precision as float, and the type long double provides at least as much precision as double. char, signed char ? unsigned char - ??? ?????? ????. ??? ???????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ? ????? ?????????? ????????????. ????? ?? ?har ??????? ?????. ????????, ??????? ?? ??????????. ?? ????? ????????? ???? ? signed, ???? ? unsigned. There are four signed integer types: ``signed char'', ``short int'', ``int'', and ``long int.'' In this list, each type provides at least as much storage as those preceding it in the list. Plain ints have the natural size suggested by the architecture of the execution environment. For each of the signed integer types, there exists a corresponding (but different) unsigned integer type: ``unsigned char'', ``unsigned short int'', ``unsigned int'', and ``unsigned long int,'' each of which occupies the same amount of storage and has the same alignment requirements. There are three floating point types: float, double, and long double. The type double provides at least as much precision as float, and the type long double provides at least as much precision as double.

19. ©?????????? ?.?. (????? ????) 19 There are four signed integer types: signed char, short int, int, and long int. In this list, each type provides at least as much storage as those preceding it in the list. Plain ints have the natural size suggested by the architecture of the execution environment. For each of the signed integer types, there exists a corresponding (but different) unsigned integer type: unsigned char, unsigned short int, unsigned int, and unsigned long int, each of which occupies the same amount of storage and has the same alignment requirements. There are three floating point types: float, double, and long double. The type double provides at least as much precision as float, and the type long double provides at least as much precision as double.

20. ©?????????? ?.?. (????? ????) 20 ????????? ????? ?? ????????? sizeof(float) = sizeof(double) = sizeof(long double) sizeof(char) = sizeof(short) = sizeof(int) = sizeof(long) ??????????? ? ???????????? ???????? ?????????? ? ??????: <climits> - ????? <cfloat> - ????????????

21. ©?????????? ?.?. (????? ????) 21 ????? ??????? ???? ???????? 0X22UL 05Lu 2E+6L 1.82f L”Vasia”