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Day 3

Day 3. Monday, Jan 13. Today. Quiz #2 on Part II Recap of #5 on “How mistakes in cell division…” worksheet Mistakes explained Why knowledge/understanding of these concepts is important. Survey results. Why do we care? (what’s the connection to real life?). Your vote will count!

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Day 3

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  1. Day 3 Monday, Jan 13

  2. Today Quiz #2 on Part II Recap of #5 on “How mistakes in cell division…” worksheet Mistakes explained Why knowledge/understanding of these concepts is important

  3. Survey results

  4. Why do we care? (what’s the connection to real life?) • Your vote will count! • This class will prepare you to understand the “science” that is behind state and federal propositions

  5. Hot topics – in your life! Examples: Golden Rice – has genes that make beta cartoene (precursor to vitamin A) for populations who don’t have access to fruits/vegetables daily. Papayas: In the 1990s, Hawaiian papaya trees were plagued by the ringspot virus which decimated nearly half the crop in the state. In 1998, scientists developed a transgenic fruit called Rainbow papaya, which is resistant to the virus. Now 77 percent of the crop grown in Hawaii is genetically engineered (GE). 90% of corn grown in US is genetically modified.

  6. Britain’s ruling on GMOs

  7. Trans Fats • FDA ruling on Trans Fats • In addition, trans fats are also associated with an increase risk in developing type II diabetes. • Gross! How do I know if there are trans fats in my food?! • Read the label! • Here’s how…

  8. What are we feeding our food? • http://www.ucsusa.org/food_and_agriculture/our-failing-food-system/industrial-agriculture/they-eat-what-the-reality-of.html • It was thought that Mad cow originated because cows were fed cows bone and brain from other animals • Sept 2008 article in Science Daily: mad cow disease also is caused by a genetic mutation within a gene called Prion Protein Gene. Prion proteins are proteins expressed abundantly in the brain and immune cells of mammals • Our findings that there is a genetic component to BSE are significant because they tell you we can have this disease everywhere in the world, even in so-called BSE-free countries," Richt said. • Richt said mad cow disease caused by genetics is extremely rare. A recent epidemiological study estimated that the mutation affects less than 1 in 2,000 cattle. The study was done in collaboration with the U.S. Department of Agriculture-U.S. Meat Animal Research Center in Clay Center, Neb., which is operated by the Agricultural Research Service.

  9. Human Growth Hormone • Recombinant bovine growth hormone (rBGH) is a synthetic (man-made) hormone that is marketed to dairy farmers to increase milk production in cows. It has been used in the United States since it was approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1993, but its use is not permitted in the European Union, Canada, and some other countries.

  10. Why am I really telling you all of this? • Raise your hand if any of the things we just talk about affect you. • The bottom line is that I intend to give you the skills you need to interpret information and evidence and make your own decision regarding matters that directly affect your life. • It’s your choice, make an informed decision!

  11. Modern Genetics Research Project 1/31/14

  12. Diagnostic Tests Amniocentesis – obtain a sample of amniotic fluid from around the baby to determine whether baby has a genetic disorder. This is usually done between 15-20 weeks.

  13. Chorionic villus sampling (CVS) – involves analyzing the genetic makeup of cells taken from tiny fingerlike projections on the placenta called the chorionic villi. It is usually done between 11 and 12 weeks of pregnancy, although some testing centers will do it at 13 weeks. • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sxEf_ddmpZk CVS (chorionic villus sampling)

  14. Diagnostic Tests An ultrasound (also called a sonogram) is a noninvasive diagnostic test that uses sound waves to create a visual image of your baby, placenta, and uterus, as well as other pelvic organs. It allows your healthcare practitioner to gather valuable information about the progress of your pregnancy and your baby's health.During the test, an ultrasound technician (sonographer) transmits high-frequency sound waves through your uterus that bounce off your baby. A computer then translates the echoing sounds into video images that reveal your baby's shape, position, and movements.

  15. 3-D sonograms Instead of sound waves being sent and bounced directly back, they are sent at different angles – allowing for 3D picture of fetus. Similar to CT scan 4D allows a 3-dimensional picture in real time, rather than delayed, due to the lag associated with the computer constructed image, as in classic 3-dimensional ultrasound.

  16. Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis • preimplantation genetic diagnosis video • Designer Babies 1 • Designer Babies 2

  17. DNA Testing DNA is taken and using enzymes cut up into tiny fragments. The tiny fragments are placed into a gel electrophoresis machine and an electric current is applied. The tiny fragments move across the gel based on size. When finished a dye is applied and the tiny fragments appear and dark spots. A picture is taken and stored. Why is it useful? DNA fingerprinting is a method of identification based on an individuals DNA Gel Electrophoresis Animation http://www.dnalc.org/resources/animations/gelelectrophoresis.html

  18. DNA testing recent advances in the field • Integenx • Pleasanton-based company to create a DNA sequencer that was portable and could deliver results quickly. • It produces standardized DNA profiles from buccal (mouth) swabs and other human samples in ~90 minutes. • The output from the system is compatible with local, state and national human identification databases. • Integenex site • How is the creation of this machine important to forensics?

  19. In this example, a family consists of a mom and dad, two daughters and two sons. The parents have one daughter and one son together, one daughter is from the mother’s previous marriage, and one son is adopted, sharing no genetic material with either parent.

  20. The next example shows how DNA fingerprinting can point to a criminal. DNA samples were taken from a crime scene, the female victim and two suspects in a sexual assault case. The victim’s boyfriend was also tested. The DNA ladders are used to judge the sizes of the DNA fragments. Control samples are also run, to ensure that the experiment is done correctly. Can you determine which suspect is likely the criminal?

  21. A DNA ladder is a solution of DNA molecules of different lengths used in agarose gel electrophoresis. It is applied to an agarose gel as a reference to estimate the size of unknown DNA molecules.

  22. Cloning Utah Genetic Engineering Cloning - “Hello Dolly” 1 embryonic cell with nucleus removed. 1 mature cell. Remove the nucleus of the mature cell and place in the embryonic cell. Place this embryonic cell in the uterus of female organism to develop. The resulting offspring is a clone of the organism with which the mature cell was removed.

  23. Why clone? • Cloning animal models of disease • Much of what researchers learn about human disease comes from studying animal models such as mice. Often, animal models are genetically engineered to carry disease-causing mutations in their genes. Creating these transgenic animals is a time-intensive process that requires trial-and-error and several generations of breeding. Cloning technologies might reduce the time needed to make a transgenic animal model, and the result would be a population of genetically identical animals for study. • Cloning stem cells for research • Stem cells are the body's building blocks, responsible for developing, maintaining and repairing the body throughout life. As a result, they might be used to repair damaged or diseased organs and tissues. Researchers are currently looking toward cloning as a way to create genetically defined human stem cells for research and medical purposes. To see how this is done, see Creating Stem Cells for Research, a component of the Stem Cells in the Spotlight module. • "Pharming" for drug production • Farm animals such as cows, sheep and goats are currently being genetically engineered to produce drugs or proteins that are useful in medicine. Just like creating animal models of disease, cloning might be a faster way to produce large herds of genetically engineered animals. Find out more about this research in the feature article Pharming for Farmaceuticals. • Reviving Endangered or Extinct Species • Reproducing a Deceased Pet • Cloning Humans?

  24. Transgenics Insert DNA from one animal into the embryo of another animal. When the animal grows up they will produce proteins from the donor. Ex. Cows that have human DNA and therefore can produce proteins important to humans.

  25. GMOS

  26. The goats with spider genes and silk in their milk • Prof Randy Lewis shows Adam Rutherford genetically modified goats at a farm at Utah State University, US, which produce large quantities of a spider silk that is among the strongest substances known to man. • The transplanted gene means the goat produce milk containing an extra protein, which is extracted and spun into spider silk thread. http://vimeo.com/17556768

  27. http://vimeo.com/58863554

  28. Cross Species Cloning An embryo of the host animal is obtained and the nucleus removed. A somatic cell from the endangered animal is obtained. The nucleus of the endangered animal is placed into the embryo cell. This embryo cell is then placed into a surrogate to develop. Ex: other bears birthing pandas, elephants birthing wolly mammoths Video clip

  29. The Gaur The animal researchers cloned is a wild ox native to Asia. The gaur is generally brown or black with a humplike ridge on its back and with white or yellow stockings on all four legs. The clone was carried to term by a cow called Bessie.

  30. Gene Therapy • A piece of the missing DNA is attached to a virus. The virus is given to the host. As the virus infects the cells of the host, the missing piece of genetic information is added to the host’s DNA. Now the cell has the correct information to code. • Problem---the segment of missing DNA must be put into the correct spot. An enzyme that splices the hDNA is added to the virus. • Immune response • Disrupting important genes in target cells/Tumor (bubble boy) • Ex: Treatments for sickle-cell, cystic fibrosis, autoimmune diseases. http://vimeo.com/51888595

  31. Stem Cell Research • Whitney Cary- stem cell researcher at the UC Davis Labs in Sacramento. • Jan Nolta Lab  in the UC Davis Stem Cell Program • http://www.jannolta.com/page_6_hd_team_members • Her research work as an intern was so good that the head researcher asked her to write a research paper and work full time as an assistant researcher. • She gave me a tour of her lab last summer and this is what I got to see:

  32. In The Lab

  33. Cellular product manufacturing for clinical trials

  34. 1 of 2 facilities in CA – only one north of L.A. UC Davis Good Manufacturing Practice facility

  35. TEAM SCIENCE Team Science and Training 2011 Jannolta.com Thank you!

  36. Genetically Modified Crops

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