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Mitosis/Meiosis Review

Mitosis/Meiosis Review. Kelly Riedell Brookings Biology. Yes, I know the Course description says you don’t have to know names of phases but I don’t know how you can talk about what happens without calling it something. So yeah, we are going to learn names of phases. Binary fission.

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Mitosis/Meiosis Review

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  1. Mitosis/MeiosisReview Kelly RiedellBrookings Biology Yes, I know the Course description says you don’t have to knownames of phases but I don’t know how you can talk about whathappens without calling it something. So yeah, we are goingto learn names of phases

  2. Binary fission Cell division in bacterial cells is called ________________ Phase of the cell cycle in which DNA is copied S (synthesis)

  3. Homologous chromosome pairs line up together RANDOMLY with respect to poles. Depending on how they line up, different combinations of maternal and paternal chromosomes can end up together in the same cell. What happens in metaphase I that results in independent assortment? 3.A.2.c. 2. During meiosis, homologous chromosomes are paired, with one homologue originating from the maternal parent and the other  from the paternal parent. Orientation of the chromosome pairs is random with respect to the cell poles. LO 3.10 The student is able to represent the connection between meiosis and increased genetic diversity necessary for evolution. [See SP 7.1]

  4. B Increases in the enzymatic activity of some protein kinases important for the regulation of the cell cycle are due to A. kinase synthesis by ribosomes B. activation of inactive kinases by binding cyclins C. conversion of inactive cyclins to active kinases by means of phosphorylation D. cleavage of the inactive kinase molecules by cytoplasmic proteases E. a decline in external growth factors to a concentration below the inhibitory threshold 3.A.2.a.3. Cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases control the cell cycle.  LO 3.7The student can make predictions about naturalphenomena occurring during the cell cycle. [SeeSP 6.4] LO 3.8The student can describe the events that occur in the cellcycle. [SeeSP 1.2] Campbell Self-Quiz

  5. Type of cell division in eukaryoticcells that results in 2 identical diploid daughter cells. mitosis Imaginary plane in a cell where chromosomes line up during metaphase Metaphase plate

  6. This network of fibers that attach to and guide the chromosomes apart is called the ______________ It is made of ____________________ Mitotic spindle Microtubules

  7. telophase Phase of mitosis that followsanaphase Phase of the cell cycle that follows G2 Mitosis (prophase)

  8. anaphase Phase of mitosis that followsmetaphase Phase of the cell cycle that follows G1 S

  9. What are some changes that a body cell undergoes to become a cancer cell? Loss of control of cell cycle and unlimited growth due to mutations in master control p53 gene:- growth promoter genes “turned on” - tumor suppressor genes “turned off”- loss of contact inhibition (allows metastasis)- loss of density-dependent inhibition (tumor)- apoptosis genes “turned off” (no suicide)- telomerase gene “turned on” (unlimited division)- blood vessel growth genes “turned on” 3.A.2. a.2. The cell cycle is directed by internal controls or checkpoints. Internal and external signals provide stop-and-go signs at the checkpoints.   •  Cancer results from disruptions in cell cycle control

  10. centrosomes These areas at the poles that organize the spindle are called ________________ In animal cells this area containslog-shaped structures called____________ centrioles

  11. interphase G1, S, and G2 make up this phase of the cell cycle. This is also called the “microtubule organizing center” centrosome

  12. Shortest phase of the cell cyclein which sister chromatids separate and begin moving to opposite poles anaphase Plant cells can’t form a cleavage furrow during cytokinesis due to their cell wall, instead they form a _______________ to divide. cell plate

  13. Image from: http://www.virofond.ulg.ac.be/Collectif/Image/Sordaria2.jpg In the meiosis lab you counted parental and recombinant Sordariaasci and used the data to determine gene to centromere distance for the spore color gene. Use what you know about crossing over frequencies to MAKE A PREDICTION about the connection between the distance between TWO genes on a chromosome and their frequency of crossing over. The closer together two genes are on a chromosome the lower their cross over frequency will be.Genes that are far apart will cross over more frequently. Genes that are close together will cross over less frequently SP.2.3 The student can estimate numerically quantities that describe natural phenomena.

  14. Image from: http://www.virofond.ulg.ac.be/Collectif/Image/Sordaria2.jpg In the meiosis lab you counted parental and recombinant Sordariaasci and used the data to determine gene to centromere distance for the spore color gene. What was different about the cells produced by meiosis in this lab andthe cells produced by meiosis in humans? Fungi use meiosis to produce sporesAnimals use meiosis to produce gametes.

  15. Image from: http://www.virofond.ulg.ac.be/Collectif/Image/Sordaria2.jpg ANAPHASE of mitosis- homologous chromosomes line up independently ANAPHASE I of meiosis-homologous chromosomes line up together ANAPHASE II of meiosis-chromosomes line up independently Compare and contrast anaphase of mitosis with anaphase I and anaphase II of meiosis 3.A.2..b.4 Mitosis is a continuous process with observable structural features along the mitotic process.3.A.2.c. 2. During meiosis, homologous chromosomes are paired, with one homologue originating from the maternal parent and the other  from the paternal parent. Orientation of the chromosome pairs is random with respect to the cell poles. LO 3.7 The student can make predictions about natural phenomena occurring during the cell cycle. [See SP 6.4] LO 3.8 The student can describe the events that occur in the cell cycle. [See SP 1.2] LO 3.10 The student is able to represent the connection between meiosis and increased genetic diversity necessary for evolution. [See SP 7.1]

  16. Which organelle is responsible forthe vesicles containing material to build the cell plate during cytokinesis in plant cells? Golgi bodies 3.A.2..b.4 Mitosis is a continuous process with observable structural features along the mitotic process. LO 3.7 The student can make predictions about natural phenomena occurring during the cell cycle. [See SP 6.4] LO 3.8 The student can describe the events that occur in the cell cycle. [See SP 1.2]

  17. anaphase This phase of thecell cycle is_____________ Part of interphase in which thecell grows to mature size and carries out its job. G1 3.A.2..b.4 Mitosis is a continuous process with observable structural features along the mitotic process.LO 3.7 The student can make predictions about natural phenomena occurring during the cell cycle. [See SP 6.4] LO 3.8 The student can describe the events that occur in the cell cycle. [See SP 1.2]]

  18. What is the difference between transformation and metastasis in a cancer cell? Transformation= changes a normal body cell undergoes to become acancer cell Metastasis-spreading of a cancer cell from its original location to other areas ofthe body

  19. centromere Region where the two chromatid copies are most closely attached =______________ These sister chromatids are produced during which phase of the cell cycle? result of DNA synthesis during S phase in interphase 3.A.2..b.4 Mitosis is a continuous process with observable structural features along the mitotic process.LO 3.7 The student can make predictions about natural phenomena occurring during the cell cycle. [See SP 6.4] LO 3.8 The student can describe the events that occur in the cell cycle. [See SP 1.2]

  20. Image from: https://classconnection.s3.amazonaws.com/908/flashcards/549908/png/kin-13FCFAA8EAE61F3BE13.png Name this structureof proteins associatedwith DNA in this region to which the spindle fibers attach kinetochore 3.A.2..b.4 Mitosis is a continuous process with observable structural features along the mitotic process.LO 3.7 The student can make predictions about natural phenomena occurring during the cell cycle. [See SP 6.4] LO 3.8 The student can describe the events that occur in the cell cycle. [See SP 1.2]]

  21. BOTH- chromatin condensed into chromosomes; nuclear membrane/nucleoli disappear; centrosomes/spindle appear. Prophase I of meiosis- Homologous chromosome pairs undergo synapsis and crossing over. Prophase of mitosis- no synapsis or crossing over How is prophase of mitosis different than prophase I of meiosis? 3.A.2..b.4 Mitosis is a continuous process with observable structural features along the mitotic process.3.A.2.c. 2. During meiosis, homologous chromosomes are paired, with one homologue originating from the maternal parent and the other  from the paternal parent. Orientation of the chromosome pairs is random with respect to the cell poles. LO 3.7 The student can make predictions about natural phenomena occurring during the cell cycle. [See SP 6.4] LO 3.8 The student can describe the events that occur in the cell cycle. [See SP 1.2] LO 3.10 The student is able to represent the connection between meiosis and increased genetic diversity necessary for evolution. [See SP 7.1]

  22. Phase of mitosis in which two nuclei are visible, the nuclear envelope returns, spindle fibers disappear, and DNA becomes less condensed telophase Shallow groove in an animal cellmembrane near the old metaphase plate that forms during cytokinesis Cleavage furrow 3.A.2.a.The cell cycle is a complex set of stages that is highly regulated with checkpoints, which determine the ultimate fate of the cell.  LO 3.7 The student can make predictions about natural phenomena occurring during the cell cycle. [See SP 6.4] LO 3.8 The student can describe the events that occur in the cell cycle. [See SP 1.2]

  23. 4 How many chromosomes are shown in the figure at the right? How many chromatids? 8 Campbell Concept check 12.2 3.A.2..b.4 Mitosis is a continuous process with observable structural features along the mitotic process.LO 3.7 The student can make predictions about natural phenomena occurring during the cell cycle. [See SP 6.4] LO 3.8 The student can describe the events that occur in the cell cycle. [See SP 1.2]]

  24. EXPLAIN the role of kinetochores in cell division Kinetochores- - Located in centromeres of condensed chromosomes; -spot on centromere where spindle fiber attaches -hold motor proteins that depolymerize microtubules as they move - Necessary for chromosome positioning and movement. 3.A.2..b.4 Mitosis is a continuous process with observable structural features along the mitotic process.LO 3.7 The student can make predictions about natural phenomena occurring during the cell cycle. [See SP 6.4] LO 3.8 The student can describe the events that occur in the cell cycle. [See SP 1.2]

  25. growthrepair injuriesreplace worn out cellsasexual reproductionsmall SA/vol ratio What are some reasons cells undergo mitosis? Reason cells undergo meiosis? Produce gametes for sexual reproduction 3.A.2..b.3. Mitosis plays a role in growth, repair, and asexual reproduction3.A.2.c.Meiosis, a reduction division, followed by fertilization ensures genetic diversity in sexually reproducing organisms

  26. Area next to the nucleus in which the centrioles are found that organizes the formation of the spindle centrosomes Phase in which the nuclear membranedisappears and the spindle fibers attach to the kinetochores prophase 3.A.2..b.4 Mitosis is a continuous process with observable structural features along the mitotic process. LO 3.8 The student can describe the events that occur in the cell cycle. [See SP 1.2]

  27. activates Adding cyclin to a CdK ____________ it. Activates Inactivates The amount of CdK’s in cells stays the same throughout the cell cycle. TRUE FALSE TRUE- CdK levels stay the same. What changes is amount of cyclins. High cyclins=CdK’s are activated and cell divides.Low cyclins= CdK’s are inactive and cell stops dividing 3.A.2.a.3. Cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases control the cell cycle. LO 3.7 The student can make predictions about natural phenomena occurring during the cell cycle. [See SP 6.4] LO 3.8 The student can describe the events that occur in the cell cycle. [See SP 1.2]

  28. Phase in which the chromosomesline up at the equator of the cell metaphase Phase after S in which cells make the molecules and organelles needed forcell division G2 3.A.2..b.4 Mitosis is a continuous process with observable structural features along the mitotic process.LO 3.7 The student can make predictions about natural phenomena occurring during the cell cycle. [See SP 6.4] LO 3.8 The student can describe the events that occur in the cell cycle. [See SP 1.2]

  29. Cleavage furrow This is called a _____________ This cell is _____________ cell. an animal a plant an animalPlants don’t have cleavage furrows. 3.A.2..b.4 Mitosis is a continuous process with observable structural features along the mitotic process.LO 3.7 The student can make predictions about natural phenomena occurring during the cell cycle. [See SP 6.4] LO 3.8 The student can describe the events that occur in the cell cycle. [See SP 1.2]

  30. SEGREGATIONHomologous chromosomes separate and end up in different daughter cells INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENTEach daughter cell gets ONE copy of each chromosome, but DIFFERENT COMBINATIONS of maternal & paternal chromosomes can end up together in a cell How is segregation different fromindependent assortment? 3.A.2.c. 2. During meiosis, homologous chromosomes are paired, with one homologue originating from the maternal parent and the other  from the paternal parent. Orientation of the chromosome pairs is random with respect to the cell poles. LO 3.10 The student is able to represent the connection between meiosis and increased genetic diversity necessary for evolution. [See SP 7.1]

  31. EXPLAIN the role of MOTOR PROTEINS in cell division Motor proteins- - “Pacman-like” proteins attached to kinetochore that “walk” along microtubules of spindle - depolymerize microtubules as they move - move chromosomes during anaphase separation - involves kinesins and dyneins. 3.A.2..b.4 Mitosis is a continuous process with observable structural features along the mitotic process.LO 3.7 The student can make predictions about natural phenomena occurring during the cell cycle. [See SP 6.4] LO 3.8 The student can describe the events that occur in the cell cycle. [See SP 1.2]

  32. CROSSING OVERResults in different combinationsof maternal and paternal allelesTOGETHER ON SAME CHROMOSOME INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENTEach daughter cell gets ONE copy of each chromosome, results in DIFFERENT COMBINATIONS of maternal & paternal chromosomes TOGETHER IN A CELL How is crossing over different fromindependent assortment? 3.A.2.c. 2. During meiosis, homologous chromosomes are paired, with one homologue originating from the maternal parent and the other  from the paternal parent. Orientation of the chromosome pairs is random with respect to the cell poles. LO 3.10 The student is able to represent the connection between meiosis and increased genetic diversity necessary for evolution. [See SP 7.1]

  33. histones The proteins around which DNA wraps to from a chromosome arecalled ____________ One of 2 identical armsthat make up a chromosome chromatid 3.A.2..b.4 Mitosis is a continuous process with observable structural features along the mitotic process.LO 3.7 The student can make predictions about natural phenomena occurring during the cell cycle. [See SP 6.4] LO 3.8 The student can describe the events that occur in the cell cycle. [See SP 1.2]

  34. ZYGOTE MEIOSIS MITOSIS

  35. 1n SPORES GAMETES MEIOSIS FERTILIZATION 2n ZYGOTE

  36. (2n) ZYGOTE FERTILIZATION MEIOSIS SPORES GAMETES MITOSIS (1n) PLANTS & SOME ALGAE

  37. Phase of mitosis that followsprophase metaphase Phase of the cell cycle that follows S G2 3.A.2..b.4 Mitosis is a continuous process with observable structural features along the mitotic process.LO 3.7 The student can make predictions about natural phenomena occurring during the cell cycle. [See SP 6.4] LO 3.8 The student can describe the events that occur in the cell cycle. [See SP 1.2]

  38. Animal cells divide with a cleavage furrow; Plants use a cell plate Explain how cytokinesis is different in plant vs animal cells What prevents plant cells from usinga cleavage furrow during cytokinesis? Cell wall prevents “pinching” 3.A.2..b.4 Mitosis is a continuous process with observable structural features along the mitotic process.LO 3.7 The student can make predictions about natural phenomena occurring during the cell cycle. [See SP 6.4] LO 3.8 The student can describe the events that occur in the cell cycle. [See SP 1.2]

  39. telomerase What enzyme replaces telomeres and is elevated incancer cells? How do telomerase levels in cancercells compare to normal body cells? Telomerase is increased in cancer cells. Allows them to continue to divide forever (immortality) 3.A.2. a.2. The cell cycle is directed by internal controls or checkpoints. Internal and external signals provide stop-and-go signs at the checkpoints.   •  Cancer results from disruptions in cell cycle control

  40. How does the Surface area/volume ratio differ in these TWO diagrams? Explain the relationship between SA/vol and mitosis. One large cell has smaller SA/vol ratio thanmany smaller cells As cells grow bigger their SA/vol ratio decreases which means they can’t transport needed materials fast enough. Small SA/vol ratio is a trigger to undergo mitosis.

  41. The protective tips at the ends of chromosomes that prevent loss of information during replication are called _______________ telomeres What happens to telomeres as cells age? They shorten each time the DNA is copied; so older cells have shorter telomeres

  42. Checkpoints throughout the cell cycle control passage to next phase. What happens at the G2 checkpoint? Check to make sureAll chromosomes have beencopied and cell hasproduced everything it needs for cell division 3.A.2.a.The cell cycle is a complex set of stages that is highly regulated with checkpoints, which determine the ultimate fate of the cell.  LO 3.7 The student can make predictions about natural phenomena occurring during the cell cycle. [See SP 6.4] LO 3.8 The student can describe the events that occur in the cell cycle. [See SP 1.2]

  43. Name some processes that happen during meiosis that result in genetic variation Crossing overSegregationIndependent assortment (Random fertilization also results invariation in offspring but it’s not part of meiosis) LO 3.10 The student is able to represent the connection between meiosis and increased genetic diversity necessary for evolution. [See SP 7.1]

  44. telophase This cell is in__________ Plant You can see the cell plate forming in center insteadof a cleavage furrow. The cell above is a _________ cell. animal plant 3.A.2..b.4 Mitosis is a continuous process with observable structural features along the mitotic process.LO 3.7 The student can make predictions about natural phenomena occurring during the cell cycle. [See SP 6.4] LO 3.8 The student can describe the events that occur in the cell cycle. [See SP 1.2]

  45. Phase of the cell cycle where cells spend most of their time. They grow bigger and do their job as body cells. G1 or G0 List the phases of mitosis in orderstarting with interphase Interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis 3.A.2..b.4 Mitosis is a continuous process with observable structural features along the mitotic process.LO 3.7 The student can make predictions about natural phenomena occurring during the cell cycle. [See SP 6.4] LO 3.8 The student can describe the events that occur in the cell cycle. [See SP 1.2]

  46. cancer Disorder in which body cells lose their ability to control cell division The spread of cancer cells to locations distant from their original site metastasis 3.A.2. a.2. The cell cycle is directed by internal controls or checkpoints. Internal and external signals provide stop-and-go signs at the checkpoints.   •  Cancer results from disruptions in cell cycle control

  47. Cyclin dependent kinases (CdK’s) _________________________________ are proteins that give the go ahead signals for cell division which are present in cells in inactive forms until they bind with a cyclin. A ________________ is a critical control point where stop and go-ahead signals can regulate the cell cycle. Name the phenomenon in which crowded cells stop dividing due to availability of growth factors and nutrients. checkpoint Density dependent inhibition 3.A.2:.a.2. The cell cycle is directed by internal controls or checkpoints. Internal and external signals provide stop-and-go signs at the checkpoints.     To foster student understanding of this concept, instructors can choose an illustrative example such as:      •  Mitosis-promoting factor (MPF)                 3.A.2:.a.3. Cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases control the cell cycle. 

  48. chromatin DNA and attached proteins which is less tightly wound in an interphase nucleus is called________________ Phase of mitosis in which nucleolidisappear and chromatin begins tocondense into chromosomes, centrosome is visible, andmitotic spindle begins to form prophase 3.A.2..b.4 Mitosis is a continuous process with observable structural features along the mitotic process.LO 3.7 The student can make predictions about natural phenomena occurring during the cell cycle. [See SP 6.4] LO 3.8 The student can describe the events that occur in the cell cycle. [See SP 1.2]

  49. Checkpoints throughout the cell cycle control passage to next phase. Which checkpoint is called the “restriction” checkpoint and WHY? G1 checkpointIt determines whether cellwill stay in interphase orundergo mitosis 3.A.2.a.The cell cycle is a complex set of stages that is highly regulated with checkpoints, which determine the ultimate fate of the cell.  LO 3.7 The student can make predictions about natural phenomena occurring during the cell cycle. [See SP 6.4] LO 3.8 The student can describe the events that occur in the cell cycle. [See SP 1.2]

  50. The proteins whose concentration fluctuates in cells which bind with cyclin-dependent kinases (CdK’s) to control the cell cycle Proteins released by certain cells which stimulate other cells to divide cyclins Growth factors 3.A.2.a.2. The cell cycle is directed by internal controls or checkpoints. Internal and external signals provide stop-and-go signs at checkpoints.         •  Mitosis-promoting factor (MPF) •  Action of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)  3.A.2.a.3. Cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases control the cell cycle. 

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