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Vectorization, in simple words, means optimizing the algorithm so that it can utilize SIMD instructions in the processors. AVX, AVX2 and AVX512 are the instruction sets (intel) that perform same operation on multiple data in one instruction. for eg. AVX512 means you can operate on 16 integer values(4 bytes) at a time.
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What does mean vectorization? "vectorization " is the process of converting a pixel-based image (ex. JPEG and PNG files) into a vector-based version (SVG, EPS, and EMF files), with every facet of the image treated as a line or shape. When we enlarge or zoom in on a raster image, we start to see pixels and artifacts, so this image style cannot be used for large-scale projects. On the other hand, vectors are composed of mathematical shapes and lines, which can be expanded (or contracted) thousands of times without running into problems.