Thursday : Janssen 1990. Localization of substrate vibrations by the mottled sculpin.

1. Thursday: Janssen 1990. Localization of substrate vibrations by the mottled sculpin. Janssen, and Strickler. Hydromechanical communication via lateral line Quiz – recent orders, sensory systems Thursday, April 4: sensory system assignment (was due on Tuesday, extended)

2. Why? 3. Defense countershading on ventral surface (hatchefishes) intimidation – appear larger (elongate dragonfish) confuse or startle predator – flashlight fish apparently change position with each flash 4. Communication aggregate conspecifics (flashlight fish)

3. Why? 5. Sexual selection? Melanostomias male is brighter – female may select by brightness

4. Shining Tubeshoulder • Photophores on underside • Tube on each shoulder • Squirts bioluminescent ink at predators

5. Hearing and sound production

6. Sound transmission in water water is 83x denser than air sound travels 4.5x faster in water - not rapidly attenuated; difficult to localize low frequencies propagate better, faster than high frequencies

7. Sound transmission in water water is 100x denser than air sound travels 4.5x faster in water - not rapidly attenuated; difficult to localize low frequencies propagate better, faster sound: small vibrations with particle displacement near source - “near field” (a few meters) sound pressure component – “far field”

8. Hearing and lateral line (acoustico-lateralis system) Ears- sound reception in near field - acceleration, equilibrium also detects pressure waves in the far field in combination with gas bladder Lateral line– sound reception in far field - "distant touch" but also detects particle displacement

9. Lateral line system superficial (free) neuromasts on body surface, or in shallow pits or grooves canal neuromasts in lateral line Perciformes, Moronidae: white perch

10. superficial neuromast

11. canal neuromasts superficial neuromast

12. Lateral line system location and type of neuromasts optimized for particular prey, environment, etc. Cypriniformes, Cyprinidae: golden shiner

13. Science, 27 July 2012, p. 409

14. Ears equilibrium and balance: three semicircular canals detect roll, yaw, pitch also acceleration

15. Ears equilibrium and balance: three semicircular canals detect roll, yaw, pitch also acceleration semicircular canals pars superior (balance, acceleration) utriculus (lapillus)

16. Ears sound reception fish vibrates with sounds in water otoliths vibrate slower, impinge on sensory cilia semicircular canals pars superior (balance, acceleration) utriculus (lapillus) lagena (astericus) pars inferior (hearing) sacculus (sagitta)

18. astericus lapillus sagittal otolith Left and right ears of a deep-sea cod. Xiaohong Deng, Neuroscience and Cognitive Science Program, University of Maryland. http://www.life.umd.edu/biology/popperlab/research/deepsea.htm.

19. Ears Otoliths

20. Fish hearing is limited to lower frequency range, limited sensitivity to high frequencies How can hearing sensitivity be improved?

21. Ears hearing sensitivity improved with 1. Weberian apparatus – derived from vertebral bones connects air bladder with ear labyrinth present in ostariophysan fishes (Clupeifores, Cypriniformes, Characiformes, Siluriformes) gives wide range of hearing (20-7000 Hz)

22. Ears hearing sensitivity improved with 1. Weberian apparatus – derived from vertebral bones

23. Ears hearing sensitivity improved with 1. Weberian apparatus connects air bladder with ear labyrinth present in ostariophysan fishes gives wide range of hearing (20-7000 Hz) 2. direct connection of swim bladder and ear squirrelfishes (Holocentridae) herrings etc. (Clupeidae)

24. Ears hearing sensitivity improved with 1. Weberian apparatus connects air bladder with ear labyrinth present in ostariophysan fishes gives wide range of hearing (20-7000 Hz) 2. direct connection of swim bladder and ear 3. airbreathers maintain bubble in superbranchial cavity, near to ear

25. Sound production stridulation due to friction - grinding of teeth - movement of fin spine in socket, etc. (catfish, triggerfish, filefish, sticklebacks)

26. Sound production stridulation due to friction - grinding of teeth - movement of fin spine in socket, etc. (catfish, triggerfish, filefish, sticklebacks) via gas bladder - release of air

27. Sound production stridulation due to friction - grinding of teeth - movement of fin spine in socket, etc. (catfish, triggerfish, filefish, sticklebacks) via gas bladder - release of air - vibration of muscles (toadfishes, Batrachoididae; searobins, Triglidae; drum, Sciaenidae) Perciformes, Sciaenidae – freshwater drum)

28. Sound production stridulation due to friction - grinding of teeth - movement of fin spine in socket, etc. (catfish, triggerfish, filefish, sticklebacks) via gas bladder - release of air - vibration of muscles incidental to other behaviors - swimming and muscular motion - breaking surface and splashing - feeding, e.g., coral and crustacean-feeders - production of bubbles

29. Sound production homepage.univie.ac.at/friedrich.ladich/Topics.htm http://www.fishecology.org/soniferous/waquoitposter.htm

30. Hernandez, K. M., et al.2013. Acoustic monitoring of Atlantic Cod (Gadus morhua) in Massachusetts Bay: implications for management and consevation. ICES Journal of Marine Science Marine Acoustic Recording Units (MARUs) Gadiformes Atlantic cod Gadus morhua

32. Sound production Problems associated with human sound production boat motors sonar dredging, construction naval activities

33. Graham A L, Cooke S J. 2008 The effects of noise disturbance from various recreational boating activities common to inland waters on the cardiac physiology of a freshwater fish, the largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) Aquatic Conservation - Marine And Freshwater Ecosystems 18: 1315-1324  heart rate and stroke volume responded to canoe paddling, trolling motor, and outboard motor: canoe < trolling motor < outboard time to recover: canoe ~15 min, trolling motor ~ 25 min, outboard ~ 40 min concluded that boating activities can have ecological and environmental consequences

34. Electrogeneration and electroreception

35. Production of electricity muscular contractions generate electrical signal ‘stack’ specialized cells (electrocytes) to amplify signal (in series) with insulating material around them

36. Production of electricity Types of electricity produced: strong current - for stunning prey or escaping predators 10 to several hundred volts in ‘volleys’ of discharges

37. Production of electricity Types of electricity produced: strong current - for stunning prey or escaping predators weak current - for electrolocation - conspecifics in school, - prey emit continuous signal; objects entering field are detected by distortion of field discharge 200 - 1600 cycles/sec

38. Production of electricity strong-electric fishes weak-electric fishes Osteoglossiformes (Mormyridae) - African electric fishes Gymnotiformes (Gymnotidae) – electric eels Torpediniformes (4 families) – electric rays (Gymnarchidae) Perciformes (Uranoscopidae) - stargazers Siluriformes (Malapteruridae) - electric catfish Rajiiformes (Rajiidae) – electric skates

39. Production of electricity electricity-producing fishes using current for communication tend to be slow-moving, sedentary active at night, or in murky water w. low visibility have thick skin: good insulator enhance signal-to-noise ratio with stiffened body

40. Electroreception Most elasmobranches, some teleosts types of signals received ‘the world’- movement through earth’s magnetic field current from muscular activity of other fish (prey) conspecifics communication signals produced by conspecifics - frequency differences identify individuals - shift frequency when encountering conspecific to avoid masking signal

41. Electroreception detection via external pit organs -ampullae of Lorenzini in elasmobranches -open to surrounding water via canals, filled w. conductive gel -sensitive to temperature change mechanical and weak electrical stimuli changes in salinity

43. Electroreception detection via external pit organs requires a voltage drop between environment and body saltwater teleosts, elasmobranches – long pits, ~ 5- 160 mm skin has low resistance, tissues have high resistance, relative to salt water thus organs must penetrate skin to get voltage drop in freshwater teleosts – short pit organs, ~300 microns skin has high resistance, tissues are good conductors, relative to water - so high voltage drop across skin, detected w. shallow organ

44. Omit visual Omit vibration Omit ‘life’ Omit electric signals Omit all except electric signal