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UNIT 8A

UNIT 8A. Motivation. Motivation. The need or desire to that energizes behavior and directs it towards a goal There are 4 major theories/perspectives to motivation. 1. Instinct Theory. Evolutionary perspective Theory has actually evolved over time too

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UNIT 8A

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  1. UNIT 8A Motivation

  2. Motivation • The need or desire to that energizes behavior and directs it towards a goal • There are 4 major theories/perspectives to motivation

  3. 1. Instinct Theory • Evolutionary perspective • Theory has actually evolved over time too • There had been over 5500 instincts named • No explanation, just names • Instincts must have a fixed pattern throughout a species and be unlearned • Innate reflexes in infants • Fails to explain motive

  4. 2. Drives and Incentives • Drive reduction theory • Psychological need creates an aroused state that drives the organism to reduce the need • Eating and drinking • Desire to reach homeostasis • PUSH US • Incentives • + or – stimuli that lure or repel us • When there is a need and an incentive, there is a strong drive • PULL US

  5. 3. Arousal theory • Curiosity • Not necessarily to reduce certain feelings, but to be in a state of high arousal • Not enough = bored • Too much = stress and anxiety (overwhelmed)

  6. 4. Hierarchy of motives • Abraham Maslow – 1970 • Some needs take priority over others • Hierarchy of needs • Only when the most basic needs are met are we willing to satisfy the next

  7. Loneliness

  8. HUNGER • The effects of hunger have been measured many times in experiments over time • 1950 • 36 male volunteers – 6 months • Cut food level in half • Dropped 25% of their body weight • All they could think about was food • Everything else lost its importance • Grocery shopping on an empty stomach?

  9. COGNITIVE EXPLANATION • Comes from our thoughts • Intrinsic vs extrinsic • Intrinsic - behavior is fun, you enjoy it - so you do it • More satisfying • Extrinsic - promise of a reward or a threat of punishment (A vs F) • MONEY FOR GRADES?

  10. Hunger • What makes you hungry? • Stomach contractions? • Glucose levels – homeostasis • Signals from the body can trigger hunger in the brain • Liver, stomach and intestines • Hypothalamus • Lateral hypothalamus – stimulation will cause well fed animals to continue to eat • Destroy it and the animal will not eat • Orexin

  11. Hunger • Stimulating the lower mid-hypothalamus • depresses hunger • Destroy it and animal will continue eating

  12. Hunger hormones • Orexin • Ghrelin – empty stomach • Obestatin – sends out fullness signal • PYY – digestive tract – reduces appetite • Leptin – protein secreted by fat cells to diminish the rewarding pleasure of food

  13. Weight regulation • Set point – we get to a point where we level off with our weight • Influenced by heredity • Basal Metabolic Rate • body’s resting rate of energy expenditure

  14. Psychology of Hunger • Taste preference • Our mood can influence what we hunger for • Stress and depression can cause you to seek carbohydrates • Genetically predetermined to like sweet and salty • Culture – Cheek meat? Eyeball? • Neophobia • Pregnancy – 10 weeks – food aversions

  15. Ecology of eating • Social settings impact how much we eat • We eat more around others • Unit bias – when helping yourself to portion sizes, size of plates will matter • Bigger plates, bigger portions • Offer smaller plates, people will take less

  16. Eating Disorders • Anorexia Nervosa • 15% below normal body weight • 75% girls • Body image issues • Come from competitive, high achieving, and protective families • Low self evaluations • Perfectionist standards

  17. Bulimia Nervosa • Often triggered by a weight loss diet • Binge and purge eaters • Drinkers as well • Purging • Through vomiting or laxatives • Excessive exercise or fasting afterwards • Often suffer depression and anxiety • Because weight fluctuates near normal body weight, it can be harder to tell

  18. Binge eating disorder • Periods of binge eating and remorse, but no purging, fasting or excessive exercise

  19. Body Dismorphia • Bigorexia

  20. Eating disorders • Families of anorexia patients tend to be competitive, high achieving and protective • Families of bulimia patients have a higher than average incidence of childhood obesity and negative self evaluation • Mothers with eating disorders tend to focus on their own weight and their daughters • Sufferers have low self evaluations, set unattainable standards and are intensely concerned with how others view them

  21. Identical twins are more likely than fraternal to share disorder • Culprit genes? • Body image across cultures • Africa and AIDS vs Western • Body image and performance • Math test • 9/10 women would rather have a perfect body than a mate with one • 6/10 men preferred the opposite

  22. Obesity and Weight Control • Body stores fat • Ideal fuel – high calorie • Obesity signals affluence? • US adult obesity rate has doubled in the last 40 years • BMI of 30 or more • Child/teen obesity has 4x

  23. Obesity • Risks go up for • Diabetes • Hypertension • Heart disease • Gall stones • Arthritis • Certain types of cancer • More for apple shaped than pear shaped • Pot-bellies vs big hips

  24. Social toxicity? • Obese people are treated differently and viewed differently • Make less money? • Marriage • Greater than race and gender discrimination • Leads to more depression

  25. Physiology of Obesity • Weight gain • Consuming more calories than expended • Size and number of fat cells • Typical adult has 30-40 Billion • They can be divided and trigger others to divide – creating 2x as many • They may shrink, but never go away

  26. Set Point and Metabolism • Fat cells need less energy to maintain their size • Cutting calories is not enough to lose weight • Metabolic rate adjusts • Large weight loss may be followed by a plateau

  27. Obesity and Genes • Adopted siblings who share meals, weight reflects biological parents • Identical twins have similar weights even when reared apart • Given an obese parent • Boy 3x, girl 6x more likely compared to normal weight • FTO gene – doubles risk of becoming obese • Our genes determine our jeans?

  28. Sexual Motivation • Hormones • Estrogen • Testosterone • Why do American teens have higher rates of pregnancy than Europeans? • Ignorance • Minimal communication about birth control • Alcohol use • Media projections of promiscuity

  29. Sexual Orientation • 3-4% of men • 1-2% of women • According to a survey done in the 1990’s in the US and Europe • Not associated with mental health

  30. Sexual Orientation • Fraternal birth order effect • Correlation between number of older brothers and being homosexual • Each older brother increases the likelihood by 1/3 • Many animal species exhibit homosexual behaviors

  31. Motivation – Need to belong • Aides survival • Want to belong • When we feel accepted by those we care about, we have higher self esteem • Sustaining relationships • We grow attached with time, and look to hold onto those we grow close to • Pain of Ostracism • Being shunned, ignored, or rejected can have serious consequences on us psychologically and socially

  32. Unit 8B - Emotion

  33. Emotion • Whole organism responses including • 1. Physiological Arousal – • Increased/Decreased Heart Rate • 2. Expressive Behaviors • Smiling, Frowning • 3. Conscious Experience • Interpretation of events

  34. Which comes first? • Emotion comes from a stimulus • So what happens first? • Consciously seeing the stimulus causing physiological response? • Feeling your heart race causes you to be afraid (in some situations)

  35. James – Lange Theory • Stimuli will elicit a response • Shaking, accelerated heart rate • You become aware of this and start to feel a sense of fear

  36. Cannon Bard Theory • These stimuli will cause a simultaneous response • Both Emotion and Arousal happen at the same time • Sense of fear and accelerated heart beat • One doesn’t cause the other

  37. Schachter’s Two Factor Theory • Must have both • Physiological Arousal AND • Cognitive Label – you have to determine which emotion you want to feel • If you think you should be afraid, you will be • If you think you should be angry, happy, sad, etc • We have to label the experience before we can react to them

  38. Zajonc Theory • We know how we are going to react to something before we see it • Before we “know” what we think about a situation, we know how we feel about it • Emotion happens faster than cognition • Amygdala – fear center in the brain • Automatic reactions

  39. Lazarus Theory Sometimes our unconscious can interpret information for us How else would we know what we are feeling? Sometimes we think about it

  40. FEAR • What happens when you are afraid? • Heart Races • Mouth gets dry • Stomach reacts • Other things you cant feel happen too • Blood moves away from your non essential organs • Digestion slows • Pupils Dilate • More sugar into your blood stream

  41. FEAR

  42. FEAR • What happens when you are afraid? • Heart Races • Mouth gets dry • Stomach reacts • Other things you cant feel happen too • Blood moves away from your non essential organs • Digestion slows • Pupils Dilate • More sugar into your blood stream

  43. Fear • Autonomic Nervous System • 2 parts – one excites, one calms • 1. Sympathetic Nervous System • Excites • 2. Parasympathetic Nervous System • Calms • Measuring these systems is how lie detectors work

  44. Expressing Emotion • Nonverbal Communication • Body language • Facial Expressions • Tone of Voice • Hand Gestures • Your mouth to detect happiness • Eyes will show anger and fear

  45. Who is better at detecting Body Language? Women Both men and women have an easier time reading the body language of their own gender American women show more emotion when communicating than men

  46. The only emotion men show more than women • ANGER • 2 Reasons (possibly) • 1. Power – one person always has more power than another in any conversation • Followers are more sensitive to reading nonverbal cues • 2. Environment – if you were raised in a culture that expresses themselves, more likely to do so

  47. Display Rules • Society’s rules governing how you should communicate • Baker vs Aziz 1991 • “If you don’t leave, we will attack you” • didn’t seem like a legit threat because it was said calmly • When is it ok to smile?/ • Germans think we are hiding true emotion – smile too much • Japanese culture dictates that it is rude to not smile and to show disappointment – smile all the time

  48. 8B - Emotions • Anger • Being angry, staying angry can have negative health impacts (increased risks of heart disease) • Releasing anger can allow us to achieve an emotional release (catharsis) • It can also allow us to get more angry in the future and increase the level of anger we feel

  49. Anger • Best way to handle anger? • 1. Wait • 2. Deal with it in a way that allows you to move on • Don’t let little things fester and grow • Don’t stew on old things either, move on

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