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Energy in Cells

Energy in Cells . Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis. why do cells need Energy?. Cells must have energy to make new molecules build and repair membranes and organelles maintaining homeostasis. Where does energy come from?. THE MITOCHONDRIA!!!!

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Energy in Cells

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  1. Energy in Cells • Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis

  2. why do cells need Energy? • Cells must have energy to make new molecules • build and repair membranes and organelles • maintaining homeostasis

  3. Where does energy come from? • THE MITOCHONDRIA!!!! • Uses glucose to make adenosine triphosphate (ATP) • short term energy storage

  4. what is atp? • a nucleotide with 2 phosphate groups • nucleotides are made up of a sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous base • ATP composition • ribose sugar • adenine base • phosphate group of phophoric acid (tail of 3)

  5. energy release • to release energy, ATP is broken • 1 phosphate is removed • a water molecule is added - hydrolysis • adenosine triphosphate (ATP) turns into a molecule of adenosine diphosphate (ADP) • contains only 2 phosphates

  6. ATP - ADP cycle • phosphorylation - the process of combining ADP to a phosphate to make ATP • ATP cannot be stored for later use • ADP and P are constantly recombined for energy • process is called the ATP - ADP cycle

  7. photosynthesis • photosynthesis - process by which some organisms capture the energy of sunlight to make food in the form of glucose • most energy for life is gathered through photosynthesis

  8. photosynthesis • organisms that CAN CARRY OUT photosynthesis • plants • algae • bacteria • some protists • what’s one we have discussed?

  9. Photosynthesis equation

  10. where does it happen? • in organelles called chloroplasts • contain pigments to absorb light energy • main pigment is chlorophyll • GREEN!

  11. 2 different reactions • light dependent • happens in light • light independent • happens in the absence of light

  12. light dependent • uses energy absorbed in chlorophyll to produce ATP and NADPH • NADPH is another energy carrier • both ATP and NADPH are used in light independent reactions

  13. light independent • called the Calvin cycle • Calvin cycle - a series of reactions that form the simple sugar glucose from carbon dioxide and water • cell uses ATP and NADPH to rearrange water and carbon dioxide to form glucose and oxygen

  14. cellular respiration • cellular respiration - process by which cells release energy stored in chemical bonds of food molecules • releases energy from sugars, fats, amino acids, and nucleotides • GLUCOSE is the most important

  15. anaerobic respiration • aerobic - process that requires oxygen • anaerobic - process that does NOT require oxygen • fermentation - process that enables cells to release energy in the absence of oxygen • 2 important types • lactic acid fermentation • alcohol fermentation

  16. fermentation • before fermentation, enzymes break down a glucose molecule, called glycolysis • makes 2 molecules of pyruvic acid • takes 2 ATP molecules • occurs in the CYTOPLASM • produces 4 ATP molecules

  17. lactic acid fermentation • enzyme converts pyruvic acid into lactic acid • most cells cannot use lactic acid and excrete it as waste • used to make yogurt and cheese • occurs in MUSCLE cells during strenuous exercise • muscles produce a form of lactic acid called lactate

  18. alcohol fermentation • done by single celled organisms • convert pyruvic acid into ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide • both excreted as waste • occurs in yeast • makes wine, beer, and bread

  19. Resources • http://www.google.com/imgres?q=mitochondria&um=1&hl=en&client=safari&sa=N&tbo=d&rls=en&biw=1440&bih=764&tbm=isch&tbnid=e-ba-qKkU6hREM:&imgrefurl=http://fusionanomaly.net/mitochondria.html&docid=8ZguWUzEXXfPcM&imgurl=http://fusionanomaly.net/mitochondria.jpg&w=387&h=262&ei=QLf_ULzTFovO0QHo3oGIBw&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=1151&vpy=336&dur=398&hovh=156&hovw=220&tx=165&ty=122&sig=115953012663293382693&page=1&tbnh=129&tbnw=171&start=0&ndsp=32&ved=1t:429,r:15,s:0,i:169 • http://www.google.com/imgres?q=atp&um=1&hl=en&client=safari&tbo=d&rls=en&biw=1440&bih=764&tbm=isch&tbnid=UIEP_aXL8x8IqM:&imgrefurl=http://fitfoodscience.com/%3Ftag%3Datp&docid=F4FVyqoed1meDM&imgurl=http://fitfoodscience.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/ATP.jpg&w=761&h=402&ei=3bf_UKaGLYnB0QGJlYCIBQ&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=4&vpy=332&dur=1013&hovh=163&hovw=309&tx=169&ty=36&sig=115953012663293382693&page=1&tbnh=138&tbnw=262&start=0&ndsp=27&ved=1t:429,r:7,s:0,i:168 • http://www.google.com/imgres?q=atp&um=1&hl=en&client=safari&tbo=d&rls=en&biw=1440&bih=764&tbm=isch&tbnid=HKOrqsjf7keQkM:&imgrefurl=http://leavingbio.net/ENERGY%2520FOR%2520LIFE.htm&docid=UOXUjA88AtiIjM&imgurl=http://leavingbio.net/ENERGY%252520FOR%252520LIFE_files/image002.gif&w=289&h=289&ei=3bf_UKaGLYnB0QGJlYCIBQ&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=346&vpy=428&dur=2045&hovh=225&hovw=225&tx=117&ty=92&sig=115953012663293382693&page=1&tbnh=140&tbnw=140&start=0&ndsp=27&ved=1t:429,r:15,s:0,i:192 • http://www.google.com/imgres?q=atp+to+adp&um=1&hl=en&client=safari&tbo=d&rls=en&biw=1440&bih=764&tbm=isch&tbnid=e5qENDGZKxXkIM:&imgrefurl=http://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/Contexts/Digestion-Chemistry/Sci-Media/Images/Unlocking-ATP-energy&docid=Ss3vl3zpHvnGSM&imgurl=http://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/var/sciencelearn/storage/images/contexts/digestion-chemistry/sci-media/images/unlocking-atp-energy/489218-1-eng-NZ/Unlocking-ATP-energy.jpg&w=750&h=500&ei=prn_UPn1FbSP0QG59IGADw&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=107&vpy=470&dur=1988&hovh=183&hovw=275&tx=135&ty=118&sig=115953012663293382693&page=1&tbnh=135&tbnw=197&start=0&ndsp=25&ved=1t:429,r:19,s:0,i:165 • http://www.google.com/imgres?q=atp+to+adp+cycle&um=1&hl=en&client=safari&tbo=d&rls=en&biw=1440&bih=764&tbm=isch&tbnid=6utPCs441UO_mM:&imgrefurl=http://ohhs.ohsd.net/~brick/che/cher_bio_atp.htm&docid=YD1N_J446N9aJM&imgurl=http://ohhs.ohsd.net/~brick/bio/images/bioi_atp_adp.gif&w=477&h=262&ei=nLr_UJu6BKGa0QG_y4GABw&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=180&vpy=292&dur=3124&hovh=166&hovw=303&tx=140&ty=119&sig=115953012663293382693&page=1&tbnh=139&tbnw=254&start=0&ndsp=27&ved=1t:429,r:8,s:0,i:105 • http://www.google.com/imgres?q=photosynthesis&um=1&hl=en&client=safari&tbo=d&rls=en&biw=1440&bih=764&tbm=isch&tbnid=deKWHQNqh6RmMM:&imgrefurl=http://science.howstuffworks.com/earth3.htm&docid=a5mYN-VjlSuC5M&imgurl=http://static.ddmcdn.com/gif/irrigation-photosynthesis.gif&w=400&h=357&ei=sLv_ULDRGNO20AGMzYGIBg&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=80&vpy=154&dur=888&hovh=212&hovw=238&tx=161&ty=128&sig=115953012663293382693&page=1&tbnh=139&tbnw=156&start=0&ndsp=32&ved=1t:429,r:1,s:0,i:150

  20. resources • http://www.google.com/imgres?q=euglena&um=1&hl=en&client=safari&tbo=d&rls=en&biw=1440&bih=764&tbm=isch&tbnid=HkfdNQpQCcbB5M:&imgrefurl=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euglena&docid=fqxscQ7D0wfOGM&imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Euglena_diagram.jpg/300px-Euglena_diagram.jpg&w=300&h=197&ei=hbz_ULKKI-KA0AHnqICYAg&zoom=1&iact=rc&dur=335&sig=115953012663293382693&page=1&tbnh=132&tbnw=202&start=0&ndsp=30&ved=1t:429,r:0,s:0,i:147&tx=142&ty=106 • http://www.google.com/imgres?q=photosynthesis&um=1&hl=en&client=safari&tbo=d&rls=en&biw=1440&bih=764&tbm=isch&tbnid=pAIcu6duWkREkM:&imgrefurl=http://1000awesomethings.com/2010/03/11/551-photosynthesis/&docid=EFSe8rRdNUMOuM&imgurl=http://1000awesomethings.files.wordpress.com/2010/03/photosynthesis1.jpg&w=1028&h=907&ei=sLv_ULDRGNO20AGMzYGIBg&zoom=1&iact=rc&dur=1&sig=115953012663293382693&page=2&tbnh=136&tbnw=139&start=32&ndsp=40&ved=1t:429,r:43,s:0,i:281&tx=50&ty=92 • http://www.lifeadrift.info/ages-11-16/phytoplankon-extra.aspx • http://www.google.com/imgres?q=chlorophyll&um=1&hl=en&client=safari&tbo=d&rls=en&biw=1440&bih=764&tbm=isch&tbnid=uqPto5v3Xf-QCM:&imgrefurl=http://forestry-learning.blogspot.com/2010/10/chlorophyll.html&docid=JorJVmaUU2PbKM&imgurl=http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-qDVXBjiNdzc/UEFOffAYBII/AAAAAAAAAKI/_A-Lqibn_Nw/s400/chlorophyll-chloroplasts-structure.jpg&w=373&h=348&ei=Fb7_UIuHA-7r0QHI14CICg&zoom=1&iact=rc&dur=236&sig=115953012663293382693&page=1&tbnh=143&tbnw=153&start=0&ndsp=31&ved=1t:429,r:15,s:0,i:205&tx=76&ty=101 • http://www.google.com/imgres?q=nadph&hl=en&client=safari&sa=X&tbo=d&rls=en&biw=1440&bih=764&tbm=isch&tbnid=vZGo0bAHVA_wSM:&imgrefurl=http://www.pearsonhighered.com/mathews/molex/nadph.htm&docid=5_BnxkFsPSD9eM&imgurl=http://www.pearsonhighered.com/mathews/MN/NADPH.GIF&w=440&h=194&ei=8r7_UJHrIcjr0QHVr4DgCw&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=547&vpy=186&dur=158&hovh=149&hovw=338&tx=106&ty=91&sig=115953012663293382693&page=1&tbnh=124&tbnw=282&start=0&ndsp=30&ved=1t:429,r:4,s:0,i:136 • http://www.google.com/imgres?q=cellular+respiration+equation&hl=en&client=safari&tbo=d&rls=en&biw=1440&bih=764&tbm=isch&tbnid=2uD5-ZhH_8VFmM:&imgrefurl=http://www.hartnell.edu/tutorials/biology/cellularrespiration.html&docid=PKc-kzufYnta0M&imgurl=http://www.hartnell.edu/tutorials/biology/images/cellularrespiration_equation.jpg&w=500&h=105&ei=LcD_UPjeEai30QGC_oDQBQ&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=834&vpy=528&dur=376&hovh=61&hovw=290&tx=136&ty=16&sig=115953012663293382693&page=1&tbnh=61&tbnw=290&start=0&ndsp=25&ved=1t:429,r:16,s:0,i:195 • http://www.google.com/imgres?q=pyruvate&hl=en&client=safari&tbo=d&rls=en&biw=1440&bih=764&tbm=isch&tbnid=3U9z02QgRnWNyM:&imgrefurl=http://guweb2.gonzaga.edu/faculty/cronk/biochem/P-index.cfm%3Fdefinition%3Dpyruvate&docid=DBsQtAym94zmhM&imgurl=http://guweb2.gonzaga.edu/faculty/cronk/biochem/images/pyruvate.gif&w=175&h=224&ei=OsL_UP2uIof00gG91YHwAg&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=150&vpy=171&dur=399&hovh=175&hovw=137&tx=77&ty=113&sig=115953012663293382693&page=1&tbnh=124&tbnw=97&start=0&ndsp=30&ved=1t:429,r:1,s:0,i:150

  21. resources • http://www.google.com/imgres?q=alcohol+fermentation&hl=en&client=safari&tbo=d&rls=en&biw=1440&bih=764&tbm=isch&tbnid=Xl_MrsVyQLoWOM:&imgrefurl=http://leavingbio.net/respiration-(higher%2520level).htm&docid=5UJNInixGjDL4M&imgurl=http://leavingbio.net/RESPIRATION-(higher%252520level)_files/image022.gif&w=395&h=326&ei=1ML_UL3nJaLC0QGH8oDYDQ&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=4&vpy=449&dur=5956&hovh=204&hovw=247&tx=117&ty=171&sig=115953012663293382693&page=3&tbnh=144&tbnw=174&start=65&ndsp=35&ved=1t:429,r:65,s:0,i:334

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