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Understanding Genetics: Meiosis, Genes, and DNA in Human Cells

Explore the fascinating world of meiosis, genes, and DNA in human cells. Learn about the different phases of mitosis and meiosis, how cells are made, the role of sex chromosomes, genetic disorders, and the structure of DNA. Discover how genetic engineering can cure diseases and identify individuals through DNA analysis.

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Understanding Genetics: Meiosis, Genes, and DNA in Human Cells

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  1. Cells Chapter 3“Meiosis/ Genes and DNA”period 1

  2. Target 3-1 Mitosis Meiosis 8 phases 4 cells made Sex cells Daughter cells not like parent ½ # of chromosomes • 6 phases • 2 cells made • Body cells • Daughter cells identical copies of parent cell • Same # of chromosomes

  3. Target 3-2 • Sex chromosomes carry the genes which determine gender. • One gene from mother one from father. • In the case of humans, X from mother Y from father makes males; X from mother X from father makes female.

  4. Target 3-3 • Y chromosome can’t carry as much information as the X chromosome • Sex-linked disorders happen in males because they only have one X (no second copy to cover it up) • Examples: color blindness, hemophilia

  5. Target 1-1 • Nucleotides made of Phosphate, sugar, base • 4 bases • Adenine & Thymine • Guanine & Cytosine • Sugar and phosphate make the backbone • Phosphates connect to sugars • Sugars connect to bases

  6. Target 1-1 • DNA is shaped in a twisted ladder, double helix • Nucleotide • Sugar, Phosphate, Base • Base attaches to Sugar • Phosphate attaches to sugar • Bases • Adenine & Thymine (A-T) • Cytosine & Guanine (C-G)

  7. P S P S P S P S A G A G T C T C P S P S P S P S

  8. Target 1-2 • DNA unwinds • DNA unzips down the middle 3. New bases are added to each side. A with T & C with G 4. 2 new DNA’s are made (1 old piece & 1 new) 5. DNA winds up again

  9. Target 2-1 DNA genes proteins • ______ codes for ______which code for _______

  10. Target 2-2 • DNA is copied into mRNA • mRNA leaves the nucleus into cytoplasm • mRNA goes into a ribosome • mRNA is read by the tRNA 5. Amino acids link into a chain - tRNAcarries an amino acid (AA)

  11. Target 2-3 • Substitution- a base is changed for another • # of bases stays the same • Insertion- an extra base is added • # of bases increases by at least 1 • Deletion- a base is removed • # of bases decrease by at least 1

  12. Target 2-4 • Sickle-cell • Cystic fibrosis

  13. Target 2-5 • Genetic Engineering • Cure diseases, make new products (drugs, food, fabrics), transfer genes from one organism to another. • Genetic Identification • Use DNA to tell who committed the crime, use DNA to tell familial relations, to tell if a person has a genetic/hereditary disease

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