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2. The Lymphatic and Immune Systems 12 Lesson 12.1: The Lymphatic System Lesson 12.2: Nonspecific Defenses Lesson 12.3: Specific Defenses Lesson 12.4: Disorders and Diseases of the Immune System

3. Do Now: Match these words with 1–4 below: right lymphatic duct, thoracic duct, tonsil, spleen. 1. drains left side of head 2. scan and clean blood 3. drains right side of head 4. palatine

4. Chapter 12: The Lymphatic and Immune Systems Lesson 12.2 Nonspecific Defenses (defense mechanisms that do NOT involve recognition of the precise identity of the pathogen)

5. SLO: Describe the role of the nonspecific defenses of the body. Essential Question: What are the nonspecific defenses of the body’s immune system?

6. Vocabulary Vocabulary: Alternative pathway Classical pathway Complement proteins Complement system Exocytosis Phagocytes Natural Killer Cells Macrophages Lysosome Inflammation Neutrophils Interferons Mast cells Monocytes Neutrophils Opsonins Phagocytes Pyrogens

7. Nonspecific Defenses • physical barriers • cellular and chemical defenses • inflammatory response • fever

8. Physical Barriers • Skin • Epithelial (surface cells) • Stratified (layers) • Keratin • Hair • Chafing, sunburn, insects • acidic secretions from sebaceous glands and sweat glands • Sebum (oily substance-lubrication) • mucous membranes • Sticky layers traps microorganisms • Respiratory/digestive/urinary tract

9. Checking for Understanding • What type of risks are associated with burns? • How is the mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue (MALT) related to the nonspecific defense mechanisms? • What happens when pathogens penetrate the physical defenses?

10. Cellular and Chemical Defenses • Phagocytes • Natural Killer Cells • Complement system • Interferons

11. Cellular and Chemical Defenses • phagocytes • engulf foreign cells and debris • Neutrophils-most common white blood cell (leukocyte) • Macrophages (lymphocyte) • lysosome destroys destroys the target • exocytosis

12. Cellular and Chemical Defenses • natural killer cells (lymphocyte) • release perforins (proteins) to perforate cells • Virus infected cells/cancer cells

13. Cellular and Chemical Defenses • complement system • Set of 11 proteins that circulate in the blood • Activation can occur in 2 ways: • classical pathway • Recognizes a target bound by an antibody • Cascade of complement protein activation • alternative pathway • Recognizes foreign material • Opsins (proteins that make cells more attractive to phagocytes) • Both converge at protein C3>> C3b/C3a • C3b sticks to target cells opsonizing them • C3a &C5a cause mast cells to release histamine (activates inflammatory response) • Membrane Attack Complex (MAC) forms inside the bacterial cell membrane

14. The Complement System

15. Cellular and Chemical Defenses • interferons • released by virus infected cells • Interfere with viral replication and spreading by hindering protein production • Help neighboring cell resist infection • alpha, beta, gamma interferons

16. Checking for Understanding • How can interferons help with the treatment of cancer?

17. Inflammatory Response • promotes repair of damaged tissue • Mast cells release histamines, prostaglandins, and other chemicals released • Prostaglandins regulate contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle • Histamines attract phagocytes/lymphocytes to area • symptoms • heat • redness • swelling • pain

18. The Development of Inflammation • tissue damage occurs • intracellular contents are released from damaged cells into interstitial fluid • mast cells release histamine and other inflammatory chemicals • blood vessels dilate, blood flow increases, capillary permeability increases • clot formation occurs • scar tissue forms, replacement cells grow

19. Fever • maintenance of higher than normal body temperature • activation of leukocytes and macrophages causes release of pyrogens • Chemical that raise the set point temperature in hypothalamus • hypothalamus raises body temperature, causing a fever

20. Review and Assessment True or False? 1. Interferon is released by virus infected cells. 2. Pyrogens cause fever. 3. Neutrophils are not phagocytes. 4. Mucous membranes are a physical barrier. 5. Perforins engulf cells.

21. Do Now: Match these words with 1–4 below: interferons, macrophages, neutrophils, mast cells 1. Released by virus infected cells 2. Release histamine 3. Release pyrogens 4. Most common WBC that phagocytizes its targets

22. Chapter 12: The Lymphatic and Immune Systems Lesson 12.3 Specific Defenses

23. SLO: Describe the role of the specific defenses of the body. Essential Question: What are the specific defenses of the body’s immune system and how do they function?

24. Vocabulary Antigens Humoral immunity Cellular immunity MCH proteins Plasma cells Immunoglobulin primary immune response secondary immune response active immunity passive immunity

25. Specific Defenses • antigens • immune system cells • humoral immunity • primary and secondary immune responses • cellular immunity

26. Antigens • on the surface of cells • proteins • polysaccharides • glycolipids • nucleic acids • determine “self” from “nonself” cells

27. Immune System Cells • lymphocytes • recognize only one antigen • clonal selection • memory cells • MHC proteins • class I • class II

28. Humoral Immunity • antibody-mediated immunity • plasma cells • antibodies recognize and bind to specific antigen • antibodies • also called immunoglobulins • recognize, bind to, and mark antigens • interfere with antigen function

29. Antibody Classes

30. Primary and Secondary Immune Responses • primary immune response • when first exposed • secondary immune response • memory cells respond to invader • active immunity • passive immunity • vaccination

31. Cellular Immunity

32. Review and Assessment Fill in the blanks with: antibodies, antigen, memory cells, or vaccination. 1. A(n) _______________ is passive immunity. 2. _______________ are also called immunoglobulins. 3. Lymphocytes recognize only one _______________. 4. _______________ are part of the secondary immune response.

33. Chapter 12: The Lymphatic and Immune Systems Lesson 12.4 Disorders and Diseases of the Immune System

34. Disorders and Diseases of the Immune System • cancer and lymph nodes • allergies • autoimmune disorders • HIV and AIDS

35. Cancer and Lymph Nodes • rapid, unregulated cell growth • metastasis • cancerous cells move within body • cancerous cells may lodge in lymph nodes

36. Allergies • inappropriately strong response to a harmless environmental antigen • exposure to allergen causes release of histamine • histamine causes allergy symptoms • runny nose, itchy eyes, anaphylaxis • anaphylaxis • immunotherapy

37. Allergies

38. Autoimmune Disorders • immune system attacks own body • cause unclear • examples • rheumatoid arthritis • multiple sclerosis • type I diabetes

39. HIV and AIDS • HIV • infects and kills helper T cells • AIDS • helper T cell count falls below 200/mm3 • immune system seriously weakened • patient is susceptible to opportunistic infection

40. Review and Assessment Match these words with 1–4 below: metastasis, autoimmune disorder, HIV, cancer. 1. rapid, unregulated cell growth 2. cancerous cells move within the body 3. rheumatoid arthritis 4. infects and kills T cells