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Wireless Sensor Networks SMART DUST from vision to products. Kris Pister Prof. EECS, UC Berkeley Founder & CTO, Dust Networks. Wireless Sensor Networking. Decision Systems. Significant reduction in the cost of installing sensor networks Enables new class of services
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Wireless Sensor NetworksSMART DUSTfrom vision to products Kris Pister Prof. EECS, UC Berkeley Founder & CTO, Dust Networks
Wireless Sensor Networking Decision Systems • Significant reduction in the cost of installing sensor networks • Enables new class of services • Increases sensor deployment Monitoring Systems Control Systems Enterprise Applications Digital Sensors and Actuators Serial Devices Analog Sensors and Actuators Physical World
Outline • History • Technology • Markets & Standards • Future
Smart Dust History • 1992 Rand workshop • Future Technology Driven Revolutions in Military Operations • “Military Applications of MEMS”, K. Brendley, R. Steeb • 1994—1997? DARPA ISATs • 1995 coined “Smart Dust” • 1997 wrote Smart Dust proposal to DARPA/MTO • Goal: sensing and comm. from 1 cubic millimeter • 2002 Founded Dust Inc (now Dust Networks) • Jan 2003 – Dec 2004 on leave as CEO then CTO of Dust Networks
Low Power Radio Projects Flashback: BSAC IAB Spring 2000 • LWIM (Bill Kaiser, UCLA) • 902-928MHz, 1mW goal • 1-1-1 SHARC (Tom Lee, Stanford) • 1 GHz, 1mW, 1mm2 goal • picoRadio (Rabaey/ Brodersen, BWRC, UCB) • 100uW, 0.1nJ/bit goal • …
Lance Doherty, Jason Hill, Michael Scott, Robert Szewczyk,Alec Woo Flashback: BSAC IAB Spring 2001 Summary: • Use COTS to develop and deploy sensor networks • Research applications, security, and management of networks Recent results: • TinyOS released (30+ students at first short course) • Motes available from Crossbow (~$150) Future work: • Air-drop deployment of sensor network • Large-scale networks on campus Prof. Pister KSJP12 Off-the-shelf Macromote for Smart Dust and TinyOS Needle piercing pig skin
UCB “COTS Dust” Macro Motes Services David Culler, UCB Networking TinyOS Rene 00 Mica 02 Dot 01 Demonstrate scale • Designed for experimentation • sensor boards • power boards NEST open exp. platform 128 KB code, 4 KB data 50 KB radio 512 KB Flash comm accelerators WeC 99 James McLurkin MS Small microcontroller - 8 kb code, 512 B data Simple, low-power radio - 10 kb EEPROM storage (32 KB) Simple sensors
University Demos – Results of 100 man-years of research Motes dropped from UAV, detect vehicles, log and report direction and velocity Intel Developers Forum, live demo 800 motes, 8 level dynamic network, 50 temperature sensors for HVAC deployed in 3 hours. $100 vs. $800 per node. Seismic testing demo: real-time data acquisition, $200 vs. $5,000 per node vs.
800 node demo at Intel Developers Forum Self-configuring Self-healing Scalable Dynamic
Seismic Structural Monitoring . Mote Infrastructure Goal: 100 sensors on three floors Traditional Infrastructure
Energy Monitoring/Mgmt System • 50 nodes on 4th floor • 5 level ad hoc net • 30 sec sampling • 250K samples to database over 6 weeks
29 Palms Sensorweb Experiment Goals • Deploy a sensor network onto a road from an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) • Detect and track vehicles passing through the network • Transfer vehicle track information from the ground network to the UAV • Transfer vehicle track information from the UAV to an observer at the base camp.
8 packaged motes loaded on plane • Last 2 motes being dropped
Smart Dust - Integration RECEIVER OPTICAL IN SENSORS ADC FSM 375 kbps 16 mm3 total circumscribed volume ~4.8 mm3 total displaced volume 8-bits PHOTO TRANSMITTER OPTICAL OUT 175 bps 1V 1-2V 3-8V 1V 1V 2V SOLAR POWER
First sub-mW 900MHz radio Molnar, Lu, Lanzisera, Cook, Pister, CICC 2004 650mm Oscillator Divider Transmitter Receiver 875mm Inductor Chip
UCB RF Mote on a Chip antenna uP SRAM Temp inductor Amp Radio ADC ~2 mm^2 ASIC crystal battery Optimistic! • CMOS ASIC • 8 bit microcontroller • Custom interface circuits • 4 External components ~$1
Final UCB Hardware Results • 2 chips fabbed in 0.25um CMOS • “Mote on a chip” worked, missing radio RX (Jason Hill) • 900 MHz transceiver worked • Records set for low power CMOS • ADC (Mike Scott) • 8 bits, 100kS/s • 2uA@1V • Microprocessor (Brett Warneke) • 8 bits, 1MIP • 10uA@1V • 900 MHz radio (Al Molnar) • 20kbps, “bits in, bits out” • 0.4mA @ 3V
Power Consumption • Sensing • Sensor Excitation • Sensor Interface • Amplifiers, filters, ADC • Data processing • Communication • PHY/MAC/NET Algorithms/computation • Encryption/security • Radio TX • Radio RX • Distributed Signal Processing • Time keeping • Leakage
Radio Performance 25 20 15 IRX (mA) 10 5 100k Bit rate (bps) 300k 200k X cc2400 X cc2420 X Xemics cc1000 X X cc1000 X cc1000 Molnar (0.4mA) X X Otis (0.4mA)
Power consumption versus data rate 1yr AA 2 weeks AA 1yr cr2032 Improved Hardware Software/algorithms 100M 802.11 a,b,g 1 M 802.15.4 Application Data Rate (bps) Cordless phones 10k 100 1 10m 100m 1m 10m 100m 1 10 Average Power consumption (W)
Dust Networks • Incorporated July 2002 • Pister on leave Jan 2003 Dec 2004 • Series A Feb 2004 • Series B Jan 2005 • SmartMesh shipped Aug 2004
Configure, don’t compile SmartMeshTM Console IP Network XML SmartMesh Manager Mote ~100 ft Reliability: 99.9%+ Power consumption: < 100uA average
Energy Monitoring Pilot • Honeywell Service: monitor, analyze and reduce power consumption • Problem: ~$500/sensor wiring cost • Solution: Dust SmartMesh • Entire SmartMeshTM network installed in 3 hours (vs. 3-4 days) • 9 min/sensor
Micro Network Interface Card Network Services Configurable Filter/Feedback Analog I/O Digital I/O Serial Port mNIC • No network software development • Variety of configurable data processing modules • Integrators develop applications, not mesh networking protocols • For compute-intensive applications, use an external processor/OS of your choice.
Configurable Data Processing Network Services Configurable Filter/Feedback IP Network XML Analog I/O Digital I/O Serial Port SmartMesh Manager • Input Channel Configuration • Analog range, calibration • Sample rate • Input Filters • Accumulation • Min/mean/max • Theshhold • Control • Digital and Analog • Local & Network loops
SAIC & Dust Networks Passive IR Passive IR and Camera 1.5 in MEMS and GPS 2.5 in 2.5 in
The Wireless World Size of market b/s (Sensor & Control Data) Sensors Kb/s (Voice) Decreasing Bandwidth Cellphones Wi-Fi Mb/s (Video) Hours Days Years Increasing Battery Life
Sensor Networks Take Off! $8.1B market for Wireless Sensor Networks in 2007 Source: InStat/MDR 11/2003 (Wireless); Wireless Data Research Group 2003; InStat/MDR 7/2004 (Handsets)
Sensor Networking Evolution Wireless Mesh • Very high reliability • $ Installation • Very Flexible Network • Long Reach Wired Networks • Very high reliability • $$$$ Installation • Inflexible Network Point-to-Point Wireless • Low reliability • $$ Installation • Flexible Network • Limited Reach
Low Data Rate WPAN Applications (Zigbee) PERSONAL HEALTH CARE BUILDING AUTOMATION CONSUMER ELECTRONICS security HVAC AMR lighting control accesscontrol TV VCR DVD/CD remote PC & PERIPHERALS INDUSTRIAL CONTROL asset mgt process control environmental energy mgt mouse keyboard joystick RESIDENTIAL/ LIGHT COMMERCIAL CONTROL patient monitoring fitness monitoring security HVAC lighting control access control lawn & garden irrigation
Consumer vs Enterprise Class CONSUMER ELECTRONICS PC & PERIPHERALS INDUSTRIAL CONTROL RESIDENTIAL/ LIGHT COMMERCIAL CONTROL DUST NETWORKS DEFENSE BUILDING AUTOMATION PERSONAL HEALTH CARE • Consumer Class • Cost more important than reliability • Convenience driven • - Deployed in small area • - ‘Device’ driven Enterprise Class - Reliability more important than cost - Installation & mtce cost driven - Deployed in larger area - ‘System’ driven
802.15.4, Zigbee • Zigbee is an industry consortium created to apply 802.15.4 to commercial applications • “Toolkit” functionality of PHY and low-level MAC in 15.4 • Device/application profiles defined in Zigbee
Network Types Full Mesh Star Star-Mesh Powered mesh infrastructure Star-connected sensors No infrastructure Mesh-connected sensors
Cluster-tree Topology Clustered stars - for example, cluster nodes exist between rooms of a hotel and each room has a star network for control. Communications flow Full function device Reduced function device
Techno-Rant • Reduced function devices are a non-starter for most applications • Tree-based routing is fatal • Cluster-tree combines both • Mesh != multi-hop • Mesh = path diversity • Fixed frequency is fatal • Wireless means no wires
IEEE 802.15.4 PHY Overview Operating Frequency Bands Channel 0 Channels 1-10 2 MHz 868MHz / 915MHz PHY 868.3 MHz 902 MHz 928 MHz 2.4 GHz PHY Channels 11-26 5 MHz 2.4 GHz 2.4835 GHz Gutierrez
IEEE 802.15.4 PHY Overview Operating Frequency Bands Channel 0 Channels 1-10 2 MHz 868MHz / 915MHz PHY 868.3 MHz 902 MHz 928 MHz 2.4 GHz PHY Channels 11-26 5 MHz 2.4 GHz 2.4835 GHz Gutierrez
Interoperability • Consumer • Enterprise/OEM • Value of standards: • Speed adoption • Low cost components • Vendor to vendor interoperability? • System to system interoperability?
So what should I use? • Networking Research • Crossbow and/or Moteiv + TinyOS • New Networking product • Buy chips and stacks, write software • 802.15.4 • Zigbee? • Home automation • Chipcon/Figure 8 • “Ember University”? • Application/Solution • Buy a reliable network, develop your product (not embedded software) • Dust Networks
Important Players • Universities • TinyOS (UC Berkeley, UCLA, UW, Vanderbilt, …) • Network Theory • Startup Companies • Chipcon/Figure 8 • Crossbow • Dust Networks • Ember • Millennial Net • Major Corporate Research Groups • Intel • Microsoft • IT: Agilent, Cisco, HP, IBM, FranceTelecom, Nortel • Automation: GE, Honeywell, Johnson Controls, Siemens • Zigbee Alliance
Receivers today and tomorrow Nguyen, Silicon Monolithic Integrated Circuits in RF Systems, 2001
Differential Checkerboard Filter Input ports Input ports Output ports Output ports f0= 173 MHz BW = 110 kHz Ripple < 2dB Rejection = 12dB AIR Operation Footprint: 140 x 140 um [Sunil Bhave, Ph.D. Thesis, Sept 2004]
Integrated Poly-SiGe MEMS/CMOS • Resonator Stacked on Amplifier • smaller area → lower cost • reduced interconnect parasitics • → improved performance • Resonator next to Amplifier • conventional layout Andrea E. Franke, et al, IEEE/ASME JMEMS, 12, 160-171 (2003). Source: R. Howe
Nano Dust? • Nanotube sensors • Nanotube computation • Nanotube hydrogen storage • Nanomechanical filters for low-power RF
Conclusion • Sensor networks are everywhere today • Installation is dominated by wiring costs • Wireless sensor networks are now • Reliable • Easy to integrate & install • Low cost • Projected to be a multi-billion $ industry • MEMS &Nano will reduce cost and improve capabilities moving forward