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I. Arabia Before the Prophet II. Muhammad, Prophet of Islam III. Islamic Faith and Law

I. Arabia Before the Prophet II. Muhammad, Prophet of Islam III. Islamic Faith and Law IV. The Expansion of Community and State V. The Abbasid Era, Zenith of Classical Islamic Civilization VI. Islamic Culture. I. Arabia Before the Prophet Yemen - Saba’

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I. Arabia Before the Prophet II. Muhammad, Prophet of Islam III. Islamic Faith and Law

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  1. I. Arabia Before the Prophet II. Muhammad, Prophet of Islam III. Islamic Faith and Law IV. The Expansion of Community and State V. The Abbasid Era, Zenith of Classical Islamic Civilization VI. Islamic Culture Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present

  2. I. Arabia Before the Prophet • Yemen - Saba’ • from eight century B.C.E. to third C.E. • Commercial networks • A. The Bedouin • tribal organization • shaykh • related families • ’asabiyya = common interests, collective honor • ethics • muru’a = manly virtue • B. Early Mecca • the Hijaz (“barrier”) • at meeting of caravan routes • Ka’ba (“cube”) • Black Stone • ancient temple • Quraysh tribe

  3. II. Muhammad, Prophet of Islam (c. 570–632) • marries Khadija • Fatima, daughter • A. Muhammad’s Message and Early Followers • Qur’an • records revelations • Allah’ • Islam (“submission”) • Early Followers: • Ali, Abu Bakr • B. The Hijra • invited to Yathrib • > Madinat al-Nabi (“City of the Prophet”) • umma =community • jihad = struggle • attempt to win converts • to Mecca

  4. II. Muhammad, Prophet of Islam (c. 570–632) • C. The Death of Muhammad • 632, at Medina • Succession? • Abu Bakr • first caliph = successor • Teachings of Muhammad • > hadith • Practice of Muhammad • > sunna

  5. III. Islamic Faith and Law • A. The Qur’an • word of God revealed to Muhammad • B. The Tenets of Islamic Faith • monotheism • 28 prophets proceeded Muhammad • The Five Pillars • shahada - profession of faith • salat - prayer, summoned by muezzin • zakat - alms, usually 2.5% • sawm - fasting during Ramadan • hajj - pilgrimage to Mecca • C. Islamic Law • Sharia - established by Muhammad • ulama - (“those who know”) • interpreters, administrators of the sharia • dhimmis - non-Muslims • pay jizya - head tax

  6. IV. The Expansion of Community and State • A. Expansion under the First Four Caliphs (632–661) • Rashidun ("Righly Guided") • Abu Bakr (632–634) • Umar (634–644) • Uthman (644–656) • Ali • Jihad • meaning? • 651 - control Persian Empire

  7. IV. The Expansion of Community and State • B. Defining the Community • Authority? • Assassination of Uthman • > Sunna and Shia • Shi-ites • only descendants of Prophet • through Fatima • Sunnis • consent of umma decides • C. Umayyad Rule • Muawiya • governor of Syria • relative of Uthman • takes title of caliph • capital to Damascus • > Umayyad Dynasty • until 750 • Al-Andalus • Tariq ibn Ziyad • Husayn • son of Ali • killed by Umayyad • > martyr

  8. V. The Abbasid Era, Classical Islamic Civilization • (750–1258) • Abu al-Abbas (750– • related to Muhammad's uncle, Abbas • supported by non-Arabs • Baghdad • founded as center • Shift • from Arab domination of Islam • from tribal organization • geographic • A. Trade, Industry and Agriculture • no tariff barriers • B. The Spectacular Reign of Harun al-Rashid (786–809) • Charlemagne • used against Umayyad

  9. V. The Abbasid Era, Classical Islamic Civilization • C. Challenges to Abbasid Authority • (Umayyads - al-Andalus, from 756 • Fatimids - Egypt) • Seljuk Turks • take Baghdad, 1055 • Turco-Mongols • Chingiz Khan • Egypt • Fatimids • Ayyubids • Salah al-Din, founder (1169–1252) • Mamluks (“slaves”) (1250–1517) • military officers • overthrow Ayyubids

  10. VI. Islamic Culture • A. Advances in Medicine • 900–1100 - high point in learning • Abu-Bakr Muhammad al-Razi (d. 925) • On Smallpox and Measles • Ibn Sina (980–1037) • (Avicenna) • Canon of Medicine • B. Progress in Other Sciences • Al-Hasan ibn al-Haytham (d.1038) • work on optics • benefited from Greek and Hindu work • Euclid, Ptolemy • Al-Khwarizmi (d. c. 844) • Arithmetic • Arabic numerals • Algebra • Omar Khayyám (d. c. 1123) • C. Islamic Literature and Scholarship • Arabian Nights • Omar Khayyám's Rubáiyát • Ibn Sina • Aristotle and Islam • Ibn Rushd (d. 1198) • (Averroës) • Córdoba • commentaries on Aristotle • Moses Maimonedes • Guide to the Perplexed • Judaism and Aristotle • Ibn Khaldun (d. 1406) • "father of sociology"

  11. VI. Islamic Culture • D. The Sufis • tasawwuf = mysticism • (suf = woolen clothes of early mystics) • Jalal al-Din Rumi (1207-1273) • E. Art and Architecture • prohibitions against representation • Alhambra, 1248–1354 An Islamic Map of the World

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