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1. New H2S AnalyserIP 570 Determination of Hydrogen Sulfide in fuel oils – Rapid liquid phase extraction methodfor Bunker Fuels and Refinery Feedstock Components www.seta-analytics.com

2. H2S a new issue, but of increasing global concern • H2S present within refineries, terminals, oil storage systems, during bunkering and bunker handling on board the ship, during carriage and handling of crude oils. • H2S can be released during oil/fuel transportation due to heat & agitation. • Exposure to H2S has caused death and serious injuries, a significant concern to Underwriters in the Marine industry. • IMO, major oil companies, shipping companies issue guidelines on the dangers of H2S. ....precise monitoring of H2S concentrations is a major safety concern www.seta-analytics.com

3. Levels ofH2S may be found in: • Petroleum products • petroleum products, especially residual fuel oils that often contain some dissolved H2S entrapped after processing • crude oils • Sulfur reducing bacteria • predominantly distillate fuels • does not significantly increase the H2S levels ....screening for H2S is very important www.seta-analytics.com

4. H2S issues for the Marine/ bunker industry: • Health and safety • Colourless and volatile gas • Generates flammable headspace gases • Highly toxic and potentially lethal • Acts upon central nervous system – narcosis • Exposure limits 10 ppm over a period of 8 hours • Fatalities do occur www.seta-analytics.com

5. H2S issues for the Marine/bunker industry: • Corrosion • Above the cargo – H2S contributes to mild steel corrosion • On board tankers – potential to damage electronics, instruments and sensors • Cost! Need for a robust instrument that offers fast and reliable H2S analysis www.seta-analytics.com

6. H2S within the Marine/ Bunker industry: • H2S concentration in vapour depends on: • H2S content in the cargo (liquid phase) • Amount of air circulation • Temperature of air and cargo • Cargo level in the tank • The exact configuration of tank venting arrangements • Amount of agitation • Duration of storage www.seta-analytics.com

7. H2S within the Marine/ Bunker industry: • H2S has a high partition coefficient between liquid and vapour – 1 ppm in the liquid phase can give rise to a 100 ppm concentration in a vapour space. • No proven rules for the tendency of releasing H2S into vapour phase. ....Accurate liquid phase testing of cargo is crucial and the only way to establish true H2S concentrations www.seta-analytics.com

8. Current tests for H2S IP 399 Determination of hydrogen sulfide in fuel oils • Complex spectrophotometric procedure • Measures H2S in liquid phase • 3 hour intensive preparation required • Chemical process needs lengthy technician time • Uses toxic chemicals • Many opportunities to lose H2S vapours www.seta-analytics.com

9. Current tests for H2S ASTM D5705 - Draeger tubes • Glass tubes filled with a chemical reagent • 100ml sample of air is drawn through the tube • Colour change indicates concentration • Easy to use • Poor precision • Only measures H2S in the vapour phase • Some known interferences www.seta-analytics.com

10. New H2S Analyser developed to meet industry needs Unique NEW instrument for measuring H2S in liquids • Automatic & easy to use • Suitable for Lab or portable testing • precise result in 15 minutes • Pre calibrated detector with a 2 year expected life • Integrated computer, colour display and air pump Basic principles • Measures H2S ppm (mg/kg) in fuel oils • Utilizes gas extraction combined with an H2S detector • Air is bubbled through the heated sample • Instantaneous readings are integrated and converted to ppm (mg/kg) www.seta-analytics.com

11. Key Components www.seta-analytics.com

12. Purging www.seta-analytics.com

13. Insert weighed 5 ml sample www.seta-analytics.com

14. Start Test www.seta-analytics.com

15. Calibration • Static – H2S detector is factory calibrated to give a fixed mV output per ppm v/v • Dynamic - H2S detector is factory calibrated using two H2S control standards with a known mass of H2S. This calibration then enables results to be shown in ppm (mg/kg) • Air flow is factory calibrated www.seta-analytics.com

16. Verification • Using nitrogen containing a certified amount of H2S. • This can be carried out by the user or distributor Service • The calibration of the detector enables a detector to be quickly changed in the lab or in the field by replacing the detector • Local calibration may be carried out using certified gas www.seta-analytics.com

17. SetaAnalytics Hydrogen Sulfide Analyser Instr. S/N : 10001278000000 Sensor S/N : 02.09465093 027 S/W Ver_M : 1.0A S/W Ver_S : 1.28 Date 02 Nov 2007 Start Time 17:10:07 hr:min:sec Total Test No. 000105 Sample weight 4.512grams Test temperature 60oC Sample ID : Operator ID ABCA Test method IP 570 H2S value 1.90 mg/kg (ppm) Test duration 15 min Results www.seta-analytics.com

18. www.seta-analytics.com Data courtesy of the Energy Institute

19. Samples used in the round robin www.seta-analytics.com Data courtesy of the Energy Institute

20. Latest comparative data: www.seta-analytics.com

21. Summary: • The Energy Institute (IP) has published a new test method IP 570 • The new Analyser measures H2S in the liquid phase • Good relationship with results from IP 399. H2S analyser has better precision and can measure to lower H2S levels than IP 399 • Precision is excellent • Test times are 15 minutes • Results are simply a ppm (mg/kg) level. • Operator requirements have been considerably reduced • Reliable measurements from 0ppm to 250ppm • RS232 interface • 30 test data storage • Sensor protection with bypass loop • Automatic check for leaks using mass flow controller • H2S limit has been recommended for inclusion within specifications www.seta-analytics.com

22. Typical User Applications Refineries • to assist control & reduction of H2S during refining processes • Checking of final blended bunker fuels at the refinery tank farm • Checks of product in storage at the refinery & bunker terminal At loading & onboard ship • To access chemical remediation using H2S treatment additives New IP 570: Oil and Marine industry moving to adopt this new Analyser for Health and Safety product reasons www.seta-analytics.com