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Table of Contents – pages iv-v

Table of Contents – pages iv-v. Unit 1: What is Biology? Unit 2: Ecology Unit 3: The Life of a Cell Unit 4: Genetics Unit 5: Change Through Time Unit 6: Viruses, Bacteria, Protists, and Fungi Unit 7: Plants Unit 8: Invertebrates Unit 9: Vertebrates Unit 10: The Human Body.

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Table of Contents – pages iv-v

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  1. Table of Contents – pages iv-v Unit 1:What is Biology? Unit 2:Ecology Unit 3:The Life of a Cell Unit 4:Genetics Unit 5:Change Through Time Unit 6:Viruses, Bacteria, Protists, and Fungi Unit 7:Plants Unit 8:Invertebrates Unit 9:Vertebrates Unit 10:The Human Body

  2. Table of Contents – pages iv-v Unit 1: What is Biology? Chapter 1:Biology: The Study of Life Unit 2: Ecology Chapter 2:Principles of Ecology Chapter 3:Communities and Biomes Chapter 4:Population Biology Chapter 5:Biological Diversity and Conservation Unit 3:The Life of a Cell Chapter 6:The Chemistry of Life Chapter 7:A View of the Cell Chapter 8:Cellular Transport and the Cell Cycle Chapter 9:Energy in a Cell

  3. Unit 4: Genetics Chapter 10:Mendel and Meiosis Chapter 11:DNA and Genes Chapter 12:Patterns of Heredity and Human Genetics Chapter 13:Genetic Technology Unit 5: Change Through Time Chapter 14:The History of Life Chapter 15:The Theory of Evolution Chapter 16:Primate Evolution Chapter 17:Organizing Life’s Diversity Table of Contents – pages iv-v

  4. Unit 6: Viruses, Bacteria, Protists, and Fungi Chapter 18:Viruses and Bacteria Chapter 19:Protists Chapter 20:Fungi Unit 7: Plants Chapter 21:What Is a Plant? Chapter 22:The Diversity of Plants Chapter 23:Plant Structure and Function Chapter 24:Reproduction in Plants Table of Contents – pages iv-v

  5. Table of Contents – pages iv-v Unit 8: Invertebrates Chapter 25:What Is an Animal? Chapter 26:Sponges, Cnidarians, Flatworms, and Roundworms Chapter 27:Mollusks and Segmented Worms Chapter 28:Arthropods Chapter 29:Echinoderms and Invertebrate Chordates

  6. Table of Contents – pages iv-v Unit 9: Vertebrates Chapter 30:Fishes and Amphibians Chapter 31:Reptiles and Birds Chapter 32:Mammals Chapter 33:Animal Behavior Unit 10: The Human Body Chapter 34:Protection, Support, and Locomotion Chapter 35:The Digestive and Endocrine Systems Chapter 36:The Nervous System Chapter 37:Respiration, Circulation, and Excretion Chapter 38:Reproduction and Development Chapter 39:Immunity from Disease

  7. Unit Overview – pages 840 - 841 Vertebrates Fishes and Amphibians Reptiles and Birds Mammals Animal Behavior

  8. Chapter Contents – page xii Chapter 32Mammals 32.1:Mammal Characteristics 32.1:Section Check 32.2:Diversity of Mammals 32.2:Section Check Chapter 32Summary Chapter 32Assessment

  9. Chapter Intro-page 840 What You’ll Learn You will identify the characteristics of mammals. You will compare and contrast three groups of living mammals and examine their relationships to their ancient ancestors.

  10. 32.1 Section Objectives – page 841 Section Objectives: • Distinguish mammalian characteristics. • Explain how the characteristics of mammals enable them to adapt to most habitats on Earth.

  11. Section 32.1 Summary – pages 841 – 847 What is a mammal? • Mammals, like birds, are endotherms.

  12. Section 32.1 Summary – pages 841 - 847 What is a mammal? • They have hair and produce milk to nurse their young. • Mammals also have diaphragms, four-chambered hearts, specialized teeth, modified limbs, and highly developed brains.

  13. Section 32.1 Summary – pages 841 - 847 Mammals have hair • Like feathers, mammalian hair, made out of the protein keratin, is also thought to have evolved from scales.

  14. Section 32.1 Summary – pages 841 - 847 Mammals have hair • The arrangement of hair provides insulation and waterproofing and thereby conserves body heat.

  15. Section 32.1 Summary – pages 841 - 847 Mammals have hair • Mammals also have internal feedback mechanisms that signal the body to cool off when it gets too warm. • Mammals cool off by panting and through the action of sweat glands. • Panting releases water from the nose and mouth, which results in a loss of body heat.

  16. Section 32.1 Summary – pages 841 - 847 Mammals have hair • Sweat glands help regulate body temperature by secreting moisture onto the surface of the skin. • As the moisture evaporates, it transfers heat from the body to the surrounding air.

  17. Section 32.1 Summary – pages 841 - 847 Mammals nurse their young • Mammals have several types of glands, which are a group of cells that secrete fluids. • They include glands that produce saliva, sweat, oil, digestive enzymes, hormones, milk, and scent.

  18. Section 32.1 Summary – pages 841 - 847 Mammals nurse their young • Mammals also feed their young from mammary glands, possibly modified sweat glands, which produce and secrete milk, a liquid that is rich in fats, sugars, proteins, minerals, and vitamins.

  19. Section 32.1 Summary – pages 841 - 847 Mammals nurse their young • Mammals nurse their young until they are able to digest and absorb nutrients from solid foods.

  20. Section 32.1 Summary – pages 841 – 847 Respiration and circulation in mammals • The mammals’ diaphragm helps expand the chest cavity to aid the flow of oxygen into their lungs. Position of ribs when exhaling Position of ribs when inhaling Lungs when exhaling Lungs when inhaling Position of diaphragm when inhaling Position of diaphragm when exhaling

  21. Section 32.1 Summary – pages 841 - 847 Respiration and circulation in mammals • A diaphragm is the sheet of muscle located beneath the lungs that separates the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity, where other organs are located. Position of diaphragm when inhaling Position of diaphragm when exhaling

  22. Section 32.1 Summary – pages 841 - 847 Respiration and circulation in mammals • Mammals have four-chambered hearts in which oxygenated blood is kept entirely separate from deoxygenated blood. Left atrium Right atrium Right ventricle Left ventricle

  23. Section 32.1 Summary – pages 841 - 847 Respiration and circulation in mammals • Circulation also removes waste products from cells and helps regulate body temperature. • Blood helps keep a constant cellular environment, which maintains homeostasis.

  24. Section 32.1 Summary – pages 841 - 847 Most mammals have specialized teeth • Mammals with teeth have different kinds that are adapted to the type of food the animal eats.

  25. Section 32.1 Summary – pages 841 - 847 Most mammals have specialized teeth • The pointed incisors of moles grasp and hold small prey. • The chisel-like incisors of beavers are modified for gnawing.

  26. Section 32.1 Summary – pages 841 - 847 Most mammals have specialized teeth • A lion’s canines puncture and tear the flesh of its prey.

  27. Section 32.1 Summary – pages 841 - 847 Most mammals have specialized teeth • Premolars and molars are used for slicing or shearing, crushing, and grinding.

  28. Section 32.1 Summary – pages 841 - 847 Most mammals have specialized teeth • Many hoofed mammals have an adaptation called cud chewing that enables the cellulose in plant cell walls to be broken down into nutrients they can absorb and use. • When plant material is swallowed, it moves into the first two of four pouches in the stomach where cellulose in the cell walls is broken down by bacteria.

  29. Section 32.1 Summary – pages 841 - 847 Most mammals have specialized teeth • The partially digested food, called cud, is repeatedly brought back up into the mouth.

  30. Section 32.1 Summary – pages 841 - 847 Most mammals have specialized teeth • After more chewing, the cud is swallowed again and when the food particles are small enough they are passed to the other stomach areas, where digestion continues.

  31. Section 32.1 Summary – pages 841 - 847 Mammals have modified limbs • Mammal limbs are adapted for a variety of methods of food gathering. • Primates, for example, use their opposable thumb to grasp objects—including fruits and other foods.

  32. Section 32.1 Summary – pages 841 - 847 Mammals can learn • Mammals can accomplish complex behaviors, such as learning and remembering what they have learned.

  33. Section 32.1 Summary – pages 841 - 847 Mammals can learn • Primates, including humans, are perhaps the most intelligent animals.

  34. Section 32.1 Summary – pages 841 - 847 Mammals can learn • Chimpanzees, for example, can use tools, work machines, and use sign language to communicate with humans.

  35. Section 32.1 Summary – pages 841 - 847 Mammals can learn Cerebrum Motor area Sensory area Speech area Language area Vision area Taste area General interpretation area Intellect, learning, and personality Balance area Hearing area Brain stem Cerebellum

  36. Section 32.1 Summary – pages 841 - 847 A Mammal Heart Diaphragm Glands Teeth Mammary glands Hair

  37. Section 1 Check Question 1 What two characteristics do mammals have that no other animal has? (TX Obj 2; 8C) Answer All mammals have hair and produce milk to nurse their young.

  38. Section 1 Check Question 2 What do scientists believe mammalian hair evolved from? (TX Obj 2; 8C) A. feathers B. scales C. skin D. keratin

  39. Section 1 Check The answer is B. Like feathers, hair also is made out of keratin which leads scientists to believe that hair evolved from scales.

  40. Section 1 Check Question 3 How do a mammal’s teeth help it obtain food? (TX Obj 2; 8C)

  41. Section 1 Check Mammals have teeth that are adapted to the type of food they eat. Canine teeth puncture and tear the flesh of prey. Premolars and molars are used for slicing, shearing, and crushing while incisors are used for gnawing and grasping.

  42. Section 1 Check Question 4 Which of the following helps a mammal take in large amounts of oxygen? (TX Obj 2; 8C, 10A) A. glands B. heart C. teeth D. diaphragm

  43. Section 1 Check The answer is D, diaphragm. Heart Diaphragm Glands Teeth Mammary glands Hair

  44. 32.2 Section Objectives – page 848 Section Objectives: • Distinguish among the three groups of living mammals. • Compare reproduction in egg-laying, pouched, and placental mammals.

  45. Section 32.2 Summary – pages 848 - 851 Mammal Classification • Scientists place mammals into one of three subclasses based on their method of reproduction.

  46. Section 32.2 Summary – pages 848 - 851 Placental mammals: A great success • Placental mammals give birth to young that have developed inside the mother’s uterus until their body systems are fully functional and they can live independently of their mother’s body.

  47. Section 32.2 Summary – pages 848 - 851 Placental mammals: A great success • The uterus is a hollow, muscular organ in which offspring develop. • Nourishment of the young inside the uterus occurs through an organ called the placenta which develops during pregnancy.

  48. Section 32.2 Summary – pages 848 - 851 Placental mammals: A great success • The time during which placental mammals develop inside the uterus is called gestation. • Development inside the mother’s body ensures that the offspring are protected from predators and the environment during the early stages of development.

  49. Section 32.2 Summary – pages 848 - 851 Pouched mammals: The marsupials • A marsupial is a mammal in which the young have a short period of development within the mother’s body, followed by a period of development inside a pouch made of skin and hair on the outside of the mother’s body.

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